32 
are the different styles of cyclone nozzles, the best form of which is 
known to the market generally as the Vermorel nozzle. These are 
manufactured by the leading spray-pump companies. Other good 
nozzles are also on the market. The common garden spraying and 
hose nozzles are much too coarse for satisfactory work, and are waste- 
ful of the liquid. 
A prime essential in spraying, especially where the large reservoirs 
are employed, is to keep the liquid constantly agitated to prevent the 
settling of the poison to the bottom of the tank. This may be accom- 
plished by constant stirring with a paddle, by shaking, but preferably 
by throwing a stream of the liquid back into the tank. Many of the 
larger pumps are now constructed with two discharge orifices with this 
latter object in view or are provided with special agitators, and the use 
of such is recommended. 
For fruit trees of average size, or, if apple, such as would produce 
from 10 to 15 bushels of fruit, from 3 to 7 gallons of spray are neces- 
sary to wet each tree thoroughly. For smaller trees, such as plum 
and cherry, 1 gallon to the tree will be sufficient. If an average of 5 
gallons to the tree be taken, for an apple orchard of 1,000 trees 5,000 
gallons of spray would be required. About 33 pounds of Paris green 
or London purple would be needed for one spraying if used at the rate 
of 1 pound to 150 gallons of water, and for the two applications ordina- 
rily recommended 66 pounds. This, for the Paris green, at 20 cents a 
pound, would amount to $13.20, and the London purple, at 10 cents a 
pound, to $6.60, or a little over 1 cent a tree for the former and one- 
half a cent for the latter. 
In spraying orchard trees it will be found convenient in going 
between the rows to spray on each side, half of each tree in the row 
at atime and finish on the return, rather than attempt to spray all 
sides of one tree before taking up another. 
The object in spraying is to coat every leaf and part of the plant as 
lightly as compatible with thoroughness, and to avoid waste in doing 
this a mist spray is essential. The application to any part should stop 
when water begins to drip from the leaves. A light rain will not remove 
the poison, but a dashing one will probably necessitate a renewal of 
the application. 
REMEDIES FOR SUBTERRANEAN INSECTS. 
Almost entire dependence is placed on the caustic washes, or those 
that act externally, for insects living beneath the soil on the roots of 
plants, including both sucking and biting insects, prominent among 
which are the white grubs, maggots in roots of cabbage, radishes, 
onions, etc., cutworms, wireworms, apple and peach root-lice, the grape 
phylloxera, and many others. 
The insecticide must be one that will go into solution and be carried 
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