
35 
For cabbage and onion maggots apply in little trenches along the 
roots at the rate of 300 to 500 pounds to the acre, and cover with soil. 
These fertilizers (and the nitrate of soda is nearly as good) are also 
destructive to the various insects which enter the soil for hibernation 
or to undergo transformation. 
BISULPHIDE OF CARBON. 
This is the great French remedy for the phylloxera, 150,000 acres 
being now subjected to treatment with it, and applies equally well to 
all other root-inhabiting lice. The treatment is made at any season 
except the period of ripening of the fruit and consists in making holes. 
about the vines 1 foot to 16 inches deep and pouring into each about 
one-half ounce of bisulphide, and closing the hole with the foot. These 
injections are made about 1} feet apart, and not closer to the vines than 
1 foot. It is better to make a large number of small doses than a few 
large ones. Hand injectors and injecting plows are employed in France 
to put the bisulphide into the soil about the vines, but a short stick or 
iron bar may be made to take the place of these injectors for limited 
tracts. 
The use of bisulphide of carbon for the woolly aphis is the same as 
for the grape root-louse. It should be applied in two or three holes 
about the tree to a depth of 6 to 12 inches and not closer than 1} feet 
to the crown. An ounce of the chemical should be introduced into 
each hole, which should be immediately closed. 
For root-maggots a teaspoonful is poured into a hole near the base 
of the plant, covering as above. 
For ant nests an ounce of the substance is poured into each of several 
holes made in the space occupied by the ants, the openings being then 
closed; or the action is made more rapid by covering with a wet blanket 
for ten minutes and then exploding the vapor at the mouth of the holes 
witha torch, the explosion driving the fumes more thoroughly through 
the soil. 
SUBMERSION. 
This very successful means against the phylloxera is now practiced 
over some 75,000 acres of vineyards in France which were once destroyed 
by the grape root-louse, and the production and quality of fruit has 
been fully restored. In this country it will be particularly available 
in California and in all arid districts where irrigation is practiced; 
otherwise it will be too expensive to be profitable. The best results 
are secured in soils in which the water will penetrate rather slowly, o1 
from 6 to 18 inches in twenty-four hours; in loose, sandy soils it is 
impracticable on account of the great amount of water required. Sub- 
mersion consists in keeping the soil of the vineyard flooded for from 
eight to tw enty days after the fruit has been gathered and active 
erowth of the vine ceased, or during September or October, bub while 
