36 | 
the phylloxera is still in active development. Early in September 
eight to ten days will suffice; in October fifteen to twenty days, and 
during the winter, as was formerly practiced, forty to sixty days. 
Supplementing the short fall submergence a liberal July irrigation, 
amounting to a forty-eight hour flooding, is customary to reach any 
individuals surviving the fall treatment, and which in midsummer are 
very susceptible to the action of water. 
To facilitate the operation, vineyards are commonly divided by 
embankments of earth into square or rectangular plots, the former for 
level and the latter for sloping ground, the retaining walls being pro- 
tected by coverings of reed grass, etc., during the first year, or until 
they may be seeded to some forage plant. 
This treatment will destroy many other root-attacking insects and 
those hibernating beneath the soil, and, in fact, is a very ancient prac- 
tice in certain oriental countries bordering the Black Sea and the 
Grecian Archipelago. 
REMEDIES FOR INSECTS AFFECTING GRAIN AND OTHER STORED 
PRODUCTS. 
GENERAL METHODS OF TREATMENT. 
The chief loss in this direction from insects is to grains in farmers’ 
bins, or grain or grain products in stores, mills, and elevators, although 
in the warmer latitudes much of the injury results from infestation in 
the field between the ripening of the grain and its storage in bins or 
eranaries. Fortunately, the several important grain insects are ame- 
nable to like treatment. Aside from various important preventive con- 
siderations, such as, in the South, prompt thrashing of grain after 
harvesting, the thorough cleansing of bins before refilling, constant 
sweeping, removal of waste harboring insects from all parts of granaries 
and mills, and care to prevent the introduction of ‘‘ weeviled” grain, 
there are three valuable remedial measures, viz, agitation of the grain, 
heating, and dosing with bisulphide of carbon. 
The value of agitating or handling grain is well known, and when- 
ever, as in elevators, grain can be transferred or poured from one bin 
into another grain pests are not likely to trouble. The benefit will 
depend upon the frequency and thoroughness of the agitation, and in 
France machines for shaking the grain violently have been used with 
success. Winnowing weeviled grain is also an excellent preliminary 
treatment. 
Raising the temperature of the grain in closed retorts or revolving 
cylinders to 130° to 150° F. will kill the inclosed insects if continued 
for from three to five hours, but is apt to injure the germ, and is not 
advised in case of seed stock. The simplest, cheapest, and most effec- 
tual remedy is the use of bisulphide of carbon. 
