22 
making the diluted mixture cost in the neighborhood of a cent a 
gallon. 
The distillate spray has the same range of application as kerosene 
emulsion. In California it has been used extensively for the spray- 
ing of citrus trees, and when so used has been often charged with 
injury to trees and especially resulting in spotting of fruit. If this 
spray be applied to citrus plants in spring and summer, there is 
danger of the spotting and dropping of the young fruit and leaves. 
Where several applications may be necessary each year, gas fumiga- 
tion is undoubtedly preferable. Nevertheless it has been fully demon- 
strated that any applications made to citrus trees during the com- 
paratively dormant season in October and November, with a second 
treatment if necessary in January and February, the latter just 
before the flower spurs start, results in no injury. 
How to use the emulsions.——During the growing period of summer, 
for most aphides and other soft-bodied insects, dilute the emulsion 
with 15 parts of water; for the red spider and other plant-mites, the 
same, with the addition of 1 ounce of flowers of sulphur to the gallon; 
for scale insects, the larger plant-bugs, larve, and beetles, dilute with 
from 7 to 10 parts of water. Apply with spray pump. The greatest 
dilution noted gives 4 per cent of oil and the lesser dilutions approxi- 
mately 6 and 8 per cent. 
For winter applications to the trunks and limbs of trees in the dor- 
mant and leafless condition to destroy scale insects, stronger mixtures 
may be used, even to the pure emulsion, which can not be sprayed suc- 
cessfully but may be applied with brush or sponge. Diluted with one 
or more parts of water it may be applied in spray without difficulty. 
The use of the pure emulsion is heroic treatment and only advisable 
in cases of excessive infestation. 
The winter strengths recommended are the emulsion diluted with 
either 3, 4, or 5 parts of water, giving approximately 17, 13, and 11 
per cent of oil. These dilutions are equivalent in strength to oil- 
water sprays containing 25, 20, and 15 per cent of oil, because rela- 
tively more of the emulsion is held by the bark. The two stronger 
mixtures may be used on the apple and pear and the weaker one on 
peach and plum. 
The winter treatment may be followed in June by a use of the sum- 
mer wash to destroy any young which may come from female scales 
escaping the stronger mixture. 
Cautions regarding use of oil washes.—In the use of kerosene washes, 
and, in fact, of all oily washes on plants, the application should be 
just sufficient to wet the plant without allowing the liquid to run down 
the trunk and collect about the root. Usually, in the case of young 
trees at least, there is a cavity formed by the swaying of the tree in 
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