42 
practiced; otherwise it will be too expensive to be profitable. The 
best results are secured in soils in which the water will penetrate 
rather slowly, or from 6 to 18 inches in twenty-four hours; in loose, 
sandy soils it is impracticable on account of the great amount of 
water required. Submersion consists in keeping the soil of the vine- 
yard flooded for from eight to twenty days after the fruit has been | 
gathered and active growth of the vine has ceased, or during Sep- 
tember or October, but while the phylloxera are still in active devel- 
opment. Early in September eight to ten days will suffice; in October 
fifteen to twenty days, and during the winter, forty to sixty days. 
Supplementing the short fall submergence a liberal July irrigation, 
amounting to a forty-eight hour flooding, is customary to reach any 
individuals surviving the fall treatment, and which in midsummer 
are very susceptible to the action of water. 
To facilitate the operation, vineyards are commonly divided by 
embankments of earth into square or rectangular plats, the former for 
level and the latter for sloping ground, the retaining walls being 
protected by coverings of reed grass, ete., during the first year, or 
until they may be seeded to some forage plant. 
This treatment will destroy many other root-attacking insects and 
those hibernating beneath the soil, and, in fact, is a very ancient prac- 
tice in certain oriental countries bordering the Black Sea and the 
Grecian Archipelago. 
REMEDIES FOR INSECTS AFFECTING GRAIN AND OTHER STORED 
PRODUCTS. 
GENERAL METHODS OF TREATMENT. 
The chief loss from insects of this class is to grains in farmers’ bins, 
or grain or grain products in stores, mills, and elevators, although 
in the warmer latitudes much injury results from infestation in the 
field between the ripening of the grain and its storage in bins or 
granaries. Fortunately, the several important grain insects are 
amenable to like treatment. Aside from various important pre- 
ventive operations, such as, in the South, prompt thrashing of grain 
after harvesting, the thorough cleansing of bins before refilling, 
removal of waste harboring insects from all parts of granaries and 
mills, and care to prevent the introduction of “ weeviled” grain, 
there are four valuable remedial measures, viz, agitation of the 
grain, heating, dosing with bisulphid of carbon, and fumigating with 
sulphur dioxid. 
The value of agitating or handling grain is well known, and when- 
ever, as in elevators, grain can be transferred or poured from one bin 
into another, grain pests are not likely to trouble. The benefit will 
depend upon the frequency and thoroughness of the agitation. In 
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