48 
face layer, as the insects ar2 not likely to penetrate deeply into the 
mass of the grain. 
These general notes are by no means new, but their importance jus- 
tifies their repetition, as indicating the best preventive measures in 
connection with the remedial ones already given. 
THE PROFIT IN REMEDIAL MEASURES. 
The overwhelming experience of the past twenty years makes it 
almost unnecessary to urge, on the ground of pecuniary returns, the 
adoption of the measures recommended in the foregoing pages against 
insects. ‘To emphasize the value of such practice it is only necessary 
to call attention to the fact that the loss to orchard, garden, and farm 
crops frequently amounts to from 15 to 75 per cent of the entire 
product, and innumerable instances could be pointed out where such 
loss has been sustained year after year, while now, by the adoption of 
remedial measures, large yields are regularly secured with an insig- 
nificant expenditure for treatment. It has been established that in 
the case of the apple crop spraying will protect from 50 to 75 per 
cent of the fruit which would otherwise be wormy, and that in actual 
marketing experience the price has been enhanced from $1 to $2.50 
per barrel, and this at a cost of only about 10 cents per tree for labor 
and material. This is especially true of regions where the codling 
moth has but one full brood annually. 
In the case of one orchard in Virginia, only one-third of which was 
sprayed, the result was an increase in the yield of sound fruit in the 
portion treated of nearly 50 per cent, and an increase of the value of 
this fruit over the rest of 100 per cent. The loss from not having 
treated the other two-thirds was estimated at $2,500. The saving to 
the plum crop and other small fruits frequentiy amounts to the secur- 
ing of a perfect crop where otherwise no yield whatever of sound 
fruit could be secured. 
An illustration in the case of field insects may also be given where, 
by the adoption of a system of rotation, in which oats were made to 
alternate with corn, the owner of a large farm in Indiana made a 
saving of $10,000 per year, this amount representing the loss pre- 
viously sustained annually from the corn rootworm. The cotton crop, 
which formerly in years of bad infestation by the leaf worm was 
estimated to be injured to the extent of $30,000,000, is now compara- 
tively free from such injury, owing to the general use of arsenicals. 
Facts of like import could be adduced in regard to many other 
leading staples, but the foregoing are suflicient to emphasize the 
money value of intelligent action against insect enemies, which may 
often represent the difference between a profit and a loss in agricul- 
tural operations. 
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