30 
young wheat plants. The pale watery-green footless maggots hatching 
from these eggs work their way down between the leaves to the crown 
of the plant and feed on the central part of the stem, cutting it entirely 
off and causing the central blade to discolor and die. These maggots 
pass the winter in the wheat, at the point indicated, and transform to 
pup in April and May and emerge as.adults in June. An adult is 
about one-fifth of an inch long, greenish in color, and marked with 
three longitudinal black stripes on the back (thorax and abdomen). 
The eggs of this brood of flies are deposited, often several in a row, 
usually near the edge of the sheath of the upper leaf, so that the larvee 
or maggots coming from them can readily penetrate the succulent por- 
tion of the stem just above the last joint, where they remain feeding 
on the stem and eventually killing it, causing the upper portion of the 
straw to wither and die and the head to blight or turn white. The 
second brood of adults escapes from the straw in July and August and 
breeds in volunteer wheat or various grasses, developing a third brood 
of adults in time to infest the winter wheat in September and October. 
REMEDIES. 
The chief remedy for the Hessian fly, namely, late planting of 
wheat, does not, unfortunately, apply to this closely allied pest, because 
the adult females of the latter are known to occur abundantly up to 
October. If grain can be thrashed promptly after harvest and the 
straw and stubble burned, it will doubtless effect the destruction of a 
great many of these pests, or if the grain be removed from the field 
as soon as practicable after being harvested most of the insects will 
be carried away and will not succeed in escaping from the center of 
the stacks at least. Rotation of crops as a preventive applies also to 
this insect, but even this remedy loses some of its value from the fact 
that the species breeds in various grasses. Fortunately, some impor- 
tant parasitic and predaceous insects usually keep this grain pest in 
check, and it is therefore unusual for it to assume a very injurious 
role, although widespread and frequently oceasioning more or less 
loss. 
THE ARMY WORMS. 
(Leucania unipuncta Haw.) 
(Laphygma frugiperda 8. and A.) 
Damage to wheat from the caterpillars commonly known as army 
worms and the injury caused by the allied cutworms, which come in 
the sume category, are of such an intermittent or occasional character 
that the farmer can hardly be expected to take regular precautions to 
prevent the attacks of these insects. Severe injury is witnessed, as a 
rule, only at comparatively long intervals at a time in any one region, 
although injury probably occurs every year in some part of the coun- 
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