124 MR. \V. K. I'AHKKK OX TirK STRUCTURE AND 



In the nasal ret^ion there is no rostrum to the septum {-i.n.) in front; the pro- 

 rhinals (fig. 2, p.rh.) are broad, short, pedate, and they fill the space between the 

 nasal and palatine processes of the pre-maxillaries (j^x.). The outer angles of the 

 subnasal laminre (s.n.l.) enter a similar space in the fore end of each maxillary {mx.) ; 

 the laminaj themselves bulge downwards, and the septum ends below on a higher plane 

 (fig. 2, s.n.). Both these inferior (trabecular) plates and the nasal roof («/.«., al.sj).) 

 are moderately developed, and the latter can be seen to project beyond the fore end of 

 the nasals (figs. 1 and 3, al.n., n.). The small round outer nostrils (figs. 1 and 3, e.n.) 

 are unusually near together, are formed in a scooping of the nasal roof — or rather that 

 roof runs round them, and they are protected by tlie large, solid inner and outer 

 "upper labials "(«./'.u. /■-.). 



The inner nares (fig. 2, i.n.) are twice as ^^nde apart as the outer, twice as large, 

 oval, and directed cross-wise ; they are quite included in the space between the niiddle 

 process of the vomer and the ethmo-palatine cartilage and bone (p«.). 



That cartilage (jn-.pa.) is of the usual form, and that bone is not more than usually 

 developed ; it is straight in direction, but sigmoid in form, with a dilated (external) 

 blade. The post-palatine region of cartilage is unossified for a considerable extent, and 

 as it passes into the pterygoid region is at first only covered on its inner side by a 

 delicate stylo of bone, for the pterygoid ( jifj- ) in its fore part, whilst it still clings to 

 the cheek, is aborted considerably bj' the huge maxillary (fig. 2, mx.). 



Becoming free, before it forks, this bone suddenly enlarges ; then in front of the 

 Eustachian opening (jig-, eu.) it sends, straight inwards, a large tongue of bone having 

 an ectosteal relation to the pedicle, which reaches almost to the foramen ovale (V.). 

 By this process, as in Xenophri/s and Bti/o, this partially absorbed dorsal end of the 

 pier of the mandible is hidden and Jixed; we miss here the gliding joint seen in Rana, 

 and many other types. 



The outer and hinder fork of the pterygoid passes backwards, and then outwards, 

 in a geniculate form, to clamp the inner face of the quadrate region of the suspen- 

 sorium ((/.). 



This region, ossified below by the quadrato-jugal {q.j-), ends in the large "trochlea" 

 for the lower jaw (f/.c.) ; it is a very elegant pulley with a large inner, and a smaller 

 outer longitudinal convexity, and a deepish concavity between. 



This part, with the condyle, the jiractical suspensorium, but only made out of the 

 distal end of the larval cartilage (see Plate 22, figs. 2, 3, q.), is directed almost equally 

 outwards, downwards, and backwards (Plate 21, fig. 1-3, q.). 



The large, oval. Eustachian passages {eu.) are turned a little backwai'ds, and not 

 directly outwards; the "annulus" (fig. 3, a.ty.) is of medium size; is open above, and 

 is a rather broad band. The mandible (fig. 3) is quite normal ; it is a strong bar, with 

 a large cylindi-oidal condyle, with a moderate coronoid crest to the articulare {ar.), 

 an vuiusually long and high dentary {d.), and a tliick, short mento-Meckelian bone. 

 The stapes and columella (figs. 2-6), partake of the general stoutness of the skull ; the 



