8 TREATMENT OF BEE DISEASES. 
both diseases. These names were in no way intended to designate 
geographical distribution, since both diseases did exist and do now 
exist in both Europe and America, but were chosen primarily because 
they were convenient and easily remembered names. Their only 
significance is in indicating where the diseases were first seriously 
investigated. It was particularly desirable to change the name of 
the disease now known as European foul brood, since “ black brood ” 
entirely fails to be descriptive and is misleading. 
SYMPTOMS. 
The presence of a particular disease in a colony of bees can be 
ascertained most reliably by a bacteriological examination, since the 
symptoms are somewhat variable. It is possible, however, to describe 
the usual manifestations of the diseases, and the usual differences, so 
that the beekeeper can in most cases tell which disease is present. 
American Foul Brood. 
American foul brood is frequently called simply “ foul brood.” 
It usually shows itself in the larva just about the time that the larva 
fills the cell and after it has ceased feeding and has begun pupation. 
Fig. 2.—American foul brood: a, b, f, normal sealed cells; 
c, j, Sunken cappings, showing perforations; g, sunken 
capping not perforated; h, 1, m, n, q, r, larve affected by 
disease; e, i, p, s, scales formed from dried-down larve ; 
d, 0, pupx affected by disease. Three times natural size. 
(Original. ) ; 
At this time it is sealed over in the comb (fig. 2, a, 0, 7). The first 
indication of the infection is a slight brownish discoloration and 
the loss of the well-rounded appearance of the normal larva (fig. 
2,7). At this stage the disease is not usually recognized by the bee- 
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