10 TREATMENT OF BEE DISEASES. 
A very characteristic and usually penetrating odor is often «otice- 
able in the decaying larve. This can perhaps best be likened to the 
odor of heated glue. 
The majority of the larve which die of this disease are attacked 
after being sealed in the cells. The cappings are often entirely re- 
moved by the bees, but when they are left they usually become 
sunken (fig. 2, 9, ¢, 7) and frequently perforated (fig. 2, ¢,7). As the 
healthy brood emerges the comb shows the scattered sunken cappings 
covering dead larvee (fig. 4), giving it a characteristic appearance. 
Pupz also may die of this disease, in which case they, too, dry down 
(fig. 2, 0, d), become ropy, and have the characteristic odor and color. 
The tongue frequently adheres to the upper side wall and often 
remains there even after the pupa has dried down toa scale. Younger 
unsealed larvee are sometimes affected. Usually the disease attacks 
only worker brood, but occasional cases are found in which queen 
and drone brood are diseased. It is not certain that race of bees, 
season, or climate have any effect on the virulence of this disease, 
except that in warmer climates, where the breeding season is pro- 
longed, the rapidity of devastation is more marked. 
European Foul Brood. 
European foul brood was formerly called “ black brood ” or “ New 
York bee disease.”” The name “ black brood ” was a poor one, for the 
color of the dead brood is rarely black or even very dark brown. 
European foul brood usually attacks the larva at an earlier stage of 
its development than American foul brood and while it is still curled 
up at the base of the cell (fig. 5, 7). A small percentage of larve 
dies after capping, but sometimes quite young larve are attacked (fig. 
e5, ¢, m). Sunken and perforated cappings are sometimes observed 
just as in American foul brood (fig. 2, ¢, g, 7). The earliest indication 
of the disease is a slight yellow or gray discoloration and uneasy 
movement of the larva in the cell. The larva loses its well-rounded, 
opaque appearance and becomes slightly translucent, so that the 
trachez may become prominent (fig. 5, 0), giving the larve a clearly 
segmented appearance. The larva is usually flattened against the 
base of the cell, but may turn so that the ends of the larva are to the 
rear of the cell (fig. 5, p), or may fall away from the base (fig. 5, 
e,g,1). Water the color changes to a decided yellow or gray and the 
translucency is lost (fig. 5, g, 4). The yellow color may be taken as 
the chief characteristic of this disease. The dead larva appears as a 
moist, somewhat collapsed mass, giving the appearance of being 
melted. When the remains have become almost dry (fig. 5, ¢) the 
trachexe sometimes become conspicuous again, this time by retaining 
their shape, while the rest of the body content dries around them. 
Finally all that is left of the larva is a grayish-brown scale against 
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