14 DANGER OF SPREAD OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. 
States, of the final establishment of such service. Later the details 
of the law were communicated to Dr. Howard by Dr. Paul Marchal, — 
who is charged with its execution. 
Dr. Marchal’s high reputation gives a guarantee of thoroughness, 
and a great improvement has actually taken place in the condition 
of the nursery stock coming from France. The rank infestation of 
1909-10 has given place to moderate infestation of 1911, but there 
is still decided room for betterment. 
In England Dr. Howard found that, as in France, there was no 
governmental nursery inspection. The nursery conditions there are 
somewhat better than in France, but the brown-tail moth and other 
injurious insects which might easily be imported on nursery stock 
occur in England. The officials of the Government had the estab- 
lishment of a governmental inspection service under consideration, 
and were willing to establish such a service, but stated that the 
demand for it must come from British nurserymen. An attempt was 
therefore made by Dr. Howard to get these interests to ask for such 
service, and, while no action has yet been taken, it seems probable 
that the English Government will move in this direction. 
IMPORTATION OF REFUSE STOCK. 
The fact that all the continental countries of Europe have enacted 
very strict inspection and quarantine laws relating to the entrance 
into their territories of nursery stock, or other living plant materials, 
operates very unfavorably for this country, where there is no bar to 
the entrance of any stock, however worthless, or insect-infested, or 
diseased. As a result, the United States receives, in addition to 
fairly good nursery stock brought in by reliable importers, a great 
mass of refuse stock, imported under the worst conditions, massed 
in vast quantities in large packing cases, at best in poor condition 
and often diseased or insect-infested. The United States thus 
becomes a sort of dumping ground for material which could not find 
sale in Europe. Much of this worst-quality stock is that referred to 
elsewhere as being imported by department stores of our larger cities, 
and also by unscrupulous nurserymen who are careless of their 
own reputations and the interests of their customers. 
NECESSITY OF QUARANTINE LEGISLATION. 
The necessity of National quarantine to prevent the general intro- 
duction of such dangerous insect pests as those discussed in this 
bulletin, and also of equally dangerous plant diseases, has long been 
recognized. 
The need of legislation is much increased by the fact that the 
United States is the only great power without protection from the 
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