7 
THE DYING OF PINE IN THE SOUTHERN STATES. if, 
of the pine within its range—in fact, it is, as has been frequently 
stated during the past 10 years, a constant menace to the livmg pine 
of all of the Southern States, from Maryland to Missouri and south- 
ward to the Gulf of Mexico. (See 
fig. 4.) 
Evidence of the Destructive Work of 
the Beetle. 
The presence of this beetle in 
dangerous or destructive numbers 
is plainly indicated by patches of 
dying and dead pine which show 
no evidence of injury by fire or 
other destructive agencies. 
The trees infested by the devel- 
oping broods are indicated by the 
fading green, greenish brown, and 
yellowish red of the foliage, and 
positively determined by the re- 
moval of some bark from the middle 
of the trunks of a few of the dying 
trees and the finding of the charac- 
teristic work in the inner bark and 
on the surface of the wood, as 
shown in figures 2 and 3. 
The trees which have been killed 
and abandoned by the developed 
broods of the beetles are indicated 
by the reddish-brown foliage (aban- 
doned red tops), the fallen foliage 
(abandoned black tops), and the 
decaying standing or fallen trees 
(abandoned broken tops and snags, 
fallen trees, etc.). The cause of the 
death of trees of any of these stages 
is determined by examining the 
dead bark for evidence of the work 
of the beetle. 
EXTENT OF LOSSES. 
Extended observations in all of 
the Southern States during the past 
Fig. 2.—Section of pine trunk with bark re- 
moved, showing the marks of the egg gal- 
leries on the surface. (Author’s illustration.) 
20 years lead the writer to conclude that if all of the pine that has 
been killed during this time by this beetle was living to-day its 
stumpage value would amount to from $10,000,000 to $20,000,000 or 
476 
