12 THE DYING OF PINE IN THE SOUTHERN STATES. 
THE MORE IMPORTANT EVIDENCES OF THE PRESENCE AND 
WORK OF THE BEETLE. 
(1) If in clumps or patches of pine, where there is no plain evi- 
dence of serious injury by fire, the foliage fades to pale green and 
changes to yellowish and pale brown, it indicates that the trees are 
dying from the attack of the southern pine beetle, and that the bark 
on such trees is infested with the developing broods of minute white 
grubs and transforming beetles. Therefore such infested trees are a 
menace to the living trees. 
(2) If the trees have reddish brown and partially fallen foliage, 
or if all of the foliage has fallen, it indicates that the broods of beetles 
have emerged and that such trees are no longer a menace to the 
living ones. 
(3) If the trees die during the period between the 1st of March and 
the 1st of October, they will be abandoned by the broods of beetles 
within a few weeks after the foliage begins to fade. 
(4) If the trees begin to die during the period between the 1st of 
October and the 1st of December the broods of beetles will remain 
in the bark until the following March or April. 
HOW TO LOCATE THE INFESTED TREES. 
The location of trees that are infested by the southern pine beetle 
is the first and one of the most important things to do before definite 
plans are made for the active work of cutting the trees. Some of 
the essential things to remember are as follows: 
(1) The southern pine beetle attacks the upper and middle por- 
tions of the trunks of healthy trees. 
(2) A freshly attacked tree may show pitch tubes on the trunk, 
reddish boring-dust around the base, or there may be no external 
evidence of attack until the leaves begin to fade. 
(3) By the time the tops are faded and the bark on the middle 
and upper trunk is dead the broods of the beetles are in an advanced 
stage of development; yet, at the same time, the bark on the lower 
third of the trunk may be living and show no evidence of attack, 
or may be attacked by other kinds of insects which are not responsible 
for the death of trees. 
(4) As soon as the bark begins to die on any part of the trunk 
it is attacked by numerous other insects, including the adults of the 
“sawyer” borers which do not attack healthy trees. 
(5) By the time the tops have changed from pale green to greenish 
brown the broods of the southern pine beetle are nearly all devel- 
oped to the stage when they enter the outer bark to transform to the 
adults. “hes 
(6) By the time the tops have changed to a reddish hue the broods 
have developed and are either emerging or have emerged. 
476 
