6 INSECT AND FUNGOUS ENEMIES OF THE APPLE. 
control must be secured in profitable apple growing; otherwise from. 
one-half to three-fourths or even a larger proportion of the crop will 
be wormy and unfit for market. No orchard insect, perhaps, is more 
successfully controlled than this one; and by careful spraying the 
fruit grower may expect to protect from its injuries from 90 to 95 
per cent of the crop. Owing to the great extent of the apple-growing 
industry, there is, however, in the aggregate a large shrinkage in the 
quantity of marketable fruit, resulting from injuries by the codling 
moth. This shrinkage in the United States each year represents a 
loss of about $12,000,000, and some $3,000,000 or $4,000,000 are an- 
nually spent for sprays and labor in its control. ; 
Fic. 1.—The codling moth larva (Carpocapsa pomonella) and its work: On the left, 
mature apple, showing full-grown larva and its work; on the right, frass from calyx 
end of young apple, infested with first-brood larve. 
CHARACTER OF INJURY. 
Wormy apples are shown in figure 1. The presence in apples of 
the apple worm early in the season is usually indicated by the oc- 
currence at the calyx end of more or less frass. Fruit injured early 
in the season and while it is small mostly falls to the ground. Lar- 
ve of the second and later broods occur when the fruit is more nearly 
grown, and it is the injuries of these broods that are observed in 
fruit on the market. The severity of attacks varies somewhat from 
season to season, and especially in different parts of the country, 
depending upon the number of broods of larvee produced in the 
region in question. 
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