INSECT AND FUNGOUS ENEMIES OF THE APPLE. Fi 
NUMBER OF GENERATIONS. 
The number of broods of larvee of the codling moth for the country 
as a whole varies from practically one to three. Throughout the 
New England States and southward, at least to about the latitude of 
Washington, there is one full brood of larve each year and a partial 
second. In the northernmost part of the territory indicated, as in 
Maine and New York, the second brood of larve will be slight, vary- 
ing in extent from season to season; while in the southern portion 
of this territory it is normally quite large, and during certain years 
there are practically two full broods. In the more southern States, 
as the Carolinas on the east and Arkansas on the west, there are 
probably three broods of larve each year. This has been determined 
to be true for Arkansas and Kansas. In New Mexico it is thought 
that the insect is three-brooded also. 
It has been determined that there are two full broods of larve in 
States of the far West: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, and 
Colorado. The effect of such seasonal conditions as drought and 
temperature on the number of first-brood larve transforming for 
a given locality is quite marked. Thus, in Erie County, Pa., in 
1907, with an abnormally late spring, only 3 per cent of the first- 
brood larve transformed, as compared with 68 per cent which trans- 
formed the following year and 23 per cent the next year. 
DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY. 
How the insect passes the winter.—Upon leaving the fruit in late 
summer or fall larve seek protected places upon the trees, such as | 
holes, cracks, crotches of limbs, or under bark scales, or even under- 
neath trash on the ground, construct. tough silken cocoons, and here 
pass the winter in the larval condition. Large numbers of larve 
are carried to storage houses in apples in the fall, where later they 
spin cocoons in the boxes, bins, or barrels, or in cracks in the floor or 
sides of the house. In the orchard large numbers of larve are de- 
stroyed during the winter by birds, principally woodpeckers, but in 
storage houses a large proportion doubtless survive, the moths from 
which fly to the orchards in the spring and constitute an important 
source of infestation. 
With the coming of spring the larve enter the pupal stage, and 
about the period of blooming of the apple, or somewhat later, the 
moths begin to appear, continuing to emerge for three or four weeks, 
while belated moths may not emerge until considerably later. 
The moth.—The adult, or miller (fig. 2, a), is rather variable in 
size, but the maximum wing expanse rarely exceeds three-fourths 
of an inch. The forewings above are of a brownish gray color, with 
numerous cross lines of gray. Near the tip of each wing is a con- 
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