INSECT AND FUNGOUS ENEMIES OF THE APPLE. 17 
not reach full development as early in the fall as those of the codling 
moth, and may find their way to barrels with the fruit, where they 
continue to feed, often doing considerable damage. Figure 8 illus- 
trates apples thus injured, as found in barrels on the Washington 
market. 
The lesser apple worm is probably a native insect, and it infests 
other fruits, wild and cultivated. It is recorded from apples, haws, 
plums, prunes, cherries, peaches, and species of Cratezgus. It has also 
been reared from the black-knot of plum, and from galls on oak and 
elm. 
Its life history and habits probably closely parallel those of the 
codling moth. It is known to be present quite generally in orchards 
from Canada south to Georgia and west to the Rocky Mountains. It 
Fic. 8.—Injury by lesser apple worms to apples after barreling. 
has been found abundantly in apples in the Puget Sound district in 
Washington, and is known also from British Columbia. 
The schedule of treatments recommended for the codling moth 
will be effective in the control of this species. 
CANKERWORMS. 
Two species of cankerworms in the United States are often de- 
structive pests in apple orchards, the larvae making their appearance 
shortly after the leaves have put forth. The caterpillars (fig. 9) 
are rather small, slender, naked creatures with the habit of looping 
as they crawl, for which reason insects of this habit are commonly 
designated as “span worms” or “ measuring worms.” The fall 
cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria Harris) occurs more commonly 
in the northern United States, as from Rhode Island to Canada and 
$1336°—Bull. 492—12 3 
