20 INSECT AND FUNGOUS ENEMIES OF THE APPLE. 
Plowing orchards during late spring and early summer, with a 
few subsequent cultivations, will destroy most of the pupe in the 
soil. Care should be taken to stir the soil beneath the spread of 
the limbs of the trees, as in this soil most of the pupe are located. 
Yxcept during very unusual conditions of abundance, orchards 
properly sprayed and cultivated will not be troubled by these insects. 
Cankerworms thrive in neglected old orchards in sod, and may 
appear for several seasons in succession, and by devouring the leaves 
destroy the fruiting capacity of the trees. 
THE BUD MOTH. 
The larva of the bud moth (7’metocera ocellana Schiff.) winters 
in a little hibernaculum or cocoon of silk covered with bits of dirt 
and bark attached to the limbs and twigs of trees. Early in the 
spring, as the buds of the apple are opening, the little dark-brown 
caterpillars, scarcely one-fourth of an inch long, leave thei winter 
quarters and attack the tender developing leaves, often boring into 
the bud before the scales have spread apart. When abundant the 
larve are thus able to do a large amount of injury. Severe damage 
may result to nursery stock or young trees following attack on the 
terminal buds of twigs or shoots. In some cases the twig itself is 
penetrated, the larva boring down into the pith some 2 or 3 inches. 
After their appearance in spring the larvee continue to feed, mostly 
at night, for some six or seven weeks, attacking principally the leaf 
and fruit buds. When full grown they pupate in a tubular fold of a 
leaf, well lined and securely fastened with silken threads; or two 
or three partly devoured leaves may be drawn together and within 
these the cocoon is made. In New York State, and probably in the 
New England States, in which region this pest is frequently com- 
plained of, pupation takes place on dates varying from about June 1 
to June 25. Moths begin to emerge as early as June 5, and emergence 
continues somewhat later than July 10. Eggs are deposited for the 
most part singly on the lower surface of leaves and hatch in from 7 to 
10 days. The newly hatched larvee construct a tube along the mid- 
rib or larger vein of a leaf, from which they emerge to feed on the 
adjacent tissues, spinning as they go a web of silk for their protec- 
tion. Feeding continues during July and August, and a few are 
thus engaged in September, when, deserting the foliage, hibernacula 
are constructed, as described, in which the half-grown larve remain 
until the following spring, attacking the buds as stated. The prin- 
cipal injury results from. the attack to the unfolding buds and to 
the twigs in the spring, although in neglected orchards considerable 
injury to foliage may result from the feeding of the young larve 
during midsummer. In more northern latitudes the bud moth is 
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