INSECT AND FUNGOUS ENEMIES OF THE APPLE. 29 
As to strength, the mixture should be used as weak as is consistent 
with good results in order to avoid as much as possible leaving a 
stain on the ripe fruit. A mixture composed of 3 pounds of blue- 
stone and 4 pounds of lime to each 50 gallons of water, if properly 
applied, is sufficient for ordinary bitter-rot treatment; but the very 
susceptible varieties in districts where the disease is common should 
be sprayed with a stronger mixture, composed of 4 pounds of blue- 
stone and 4 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water. 
In order to protect the fruit throughout the possible bitter-rot in- 
fection period the trees should be sprayed four times at intervals of 
two to three weeks, beginning seven to eight weeks after the petals 
have been shed. In the bitter-rot belt the dates of the application would 
be about as follows, though varying somewhat with the season: 
(1) June 25-80, (2) July 10-15, (3) July 25-31, and (4) August 
10-15. Such a course of treatment, properly carried out, will secure 
protection against outbreaks of bitter rot under the most adverse 
conditions. By observing the weather conditions and watching for 
the first infections the first application may be delayed a few days 
and the intervals lengthened so that three sprayings can be made to 
do the work. With very susceptible varieties this is risky, but with 
varieties only moderately susceptible three sprayings are sufficient. 
The removal of cankered limbs and the destruction of bitter-rot 
mummies doubtless help to control the disease, and should be prac- 
ticed, but these precautions can not take the place of spraying. 
For the control of the second brood of the codling moth arsenate 
of lead at the rate of 2 pounds to each 50 gallons of Bordeaux mix- 
ture should be used in the second and third bitter-rot sprayings. 
APPLE BLOTCH. 
Apple blotch may be considered the scab disease of the South, its 
effect on the fruit being very similar to that of apple scab. It is 
well distributed over the southern half of the apple belt, beginning 
approximately where apple scab leaves off, although there is con- 
siderable overlapping of the two diseases at some points. At present 
the disease is most destructive in Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mis- 
sourl, Kentucky, and southern Illinois. The destruction of half the 
crop of certain varieties is not an infrequent occurrence in some of 
these badly affected districts. The disease occurs on the fruit, twigs, 
and leaves, but the principal damage is done to the fruit. 
CHARACTER OF THE INJURY. 
On the fruit—Apple blotch appears on the fruit as a hard brown 
spot with a roughened surface and a somewhat jagged margin. The 
blotch or spot is at first very small and light brown in color, but it 
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