40 INSECT AND FUNGOUS ENEMIES OF THE APPLE. 
requisite amount of sulphur for each 50 gallons of spray. For spray- 
ing trees during the dormant season it should be used much stronger, 
12 to 15 pounds of sulphur to each 50 gallons of diluted spray being 
required. For dormant tree spraying about 7 gallons of the home- 
made solution in each 50 gallons of spray would therefore give the 
proper strength. 
Commercial lime-sulphur solution—F or some years manufacturers of 
insecticides and fungicides have had on the market concentrated 
solutions of lime-sulphur, originally designed as treatment for the 
San Jose scale, which obviated the necessity of orchardists prepar- 
ing the wash at home. These solutions have now come to have a 
much wider range of usefulness, forming a satisfactory substitute, in 
most cases, for Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide. These concen- 
trated solutions, for the most part, are well made and are fairly 
uniform in strength, registering from 30° to 34° on the Baumé scale. 
Many orchardists prefer to use them rather than to prepare the 
spray at home. In the case of small orchards their use is doubtless 
advisable, but where the orchard interest is considerable the fruit 
grower rishi well afford to prepare the concentrate at home. 
Tn the use of the commercial lime-sulphur solution, as in the home- 
made solution, the orchardist should know rather exactly the proper 
dilution to make which will insure the control of the troubles in 
view, and on the other hand not prove injurious to the foliage and 
fruit. Dilutions are based on the strength of the concentrate as 
shown by its specific gravity. Thus commercial lime-sulphur show- 
ing a density of 32° on the Baumé scale should not be used stronger 
than 14 gallons for each 50 gallons of spray. According to the 
writers’ observations a variation of 2° above or below the density 
indicated is immaterial as regards danger of foliage injury, so that 
the recommendations hold for practically all of ane commercial con- 
centrates on the market. Where the fungous troubles to be treated 
are not very serious, it is recommended that only 1} gallons of the 
concentrate should be used to each 50 gallons of spray in order to 
eliminate, in so far as possible, the danger of injury to fruit and 
foliage. 
BORDEAUX MIXTURE. 
Bordeaux mixture is composed of copper sulphate (bluestone) 
and quicklime, with a certain quantity of water. The amounts of 
copper sulphate and of lime to be used with a given quantity of 
water vary somewhat, according to the kind of plants or trees to be 
sprayed and the disease to be treated. When used on the apple the 
following formula is quite satisfactory for general orchard work: 
Copper sulphate. (bluestone) 2s eee pounds__ ° 3 
Quicklimet 25 si she ee ete be eS bps See do. 2 e4 
Water to make. See eee ee gallons__ 50 
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