INSECT AND FUNGOUS ENEMIES OF THE APPLE. 45 
Many orchards located in the Middie Atlantic States and south- 
ward do not require the first application of the above schedule. Only 
bad-scabbing varieties, like Winesap, need spraying at this time, un- 
less cankerworms or the bud moth should prove serious enough to 
necessitate a special spraying. The York Imperial and Ben Davis 
varieties, which constitute a large proportion of the orchards 
throughout this region, rarely need spraying before the trees bloom. 
EQUIPMENT FOR SPRAYING. 
With other conditions favorable, the orchardist will not be able to 
secure satisfactory results in spraying unless he uses an efficient 
spraying outfit. While there has been a notable improvement in 
the character of spraying machinery used by orchardists during the 
last few years, there are yet many outfits in use which greatly handi- 
cap the work. At the present time there are on the market a large 
series of makes of spray pumps, many of which are quite efficient for 
the purpose for which they are designed, and the orchardist should 
not be satisfied with any but the best. 
The barrel type of spray pump is serviceable in small to medium 
sized orchards and when properly fitted with hose of sufficient length, 
a good agitator, and good nozzle, very effective work may be done. 
The pump, according to design, may be fitted to the end or side of 
the ordinary 50-gallon kerosene or similar barrel and may be mounted 
on a sled or wheels, or preferably placed in a cart or wagon. One 
man is required to pump and one or two men to handle the nozzles, 
depending on whether one or two leads of hose are used. A good 
barrel pump should supply two leads of hose, each with double 
nozzles. Tank outfits are mostly used in the larger orchards, but are 
very desirable for the small orchardist as well. These outfits consist 
of rectangular or half-round tanks, flat on top, holding from 100 to 
300 gallons of the spray mixture, fitted to the wagon in place of the 
wagon bed. Some growers use a 100 to 200 gallon tank placed on 
one end of the wagon. The barrel type of pump may be used on 
these tanks, but for this purpose it is better to use the larger tank 
pumps with suction hose. The hole in the top of the tank should 
be covered with a close-fitting lid to keep out leaves, twigs, and other 
trash, which would clog the pump and nozzles. 
However, in large commercial orchards power sprayers are mostly 
used, such as gasoline, compressed air, etc. With such outfits a much 
higher pressure may be maintained than is possible with hand pumps, 
giving a fine spray, which may be driven to all parts of the tree. 
Sufficient power will be furnished to supply several leads of hose 
and the spraying may be done rapidly, which is very important, 
especially in regions where suitable days for spraying are not fre- 
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