46 INSECT AND FUNGOUS ENEMIES OF THE APPLE. 
quent. The usual defect in spraying outfits is that the hose is not of 
sufficient length. Each lead of hose should be from 25 to 35 feet 
long, and provided with an 8-foot to 12-foot bamboo extension rod. 
This length of hose will permit the complete spraying of a tree be- 
fore leaving it, insuring more thorough work than if only one side 
is sprayed at a time, and the amount of driving necessary will be 
reduced by one-half. 
The nozzle, of which there are many kinds on the market, is a very 
essential part of the spraying outfit. Whereas a few years ago the 
nozzles available were far from satisfactory for orchard spraying, 
there are now to be obtained good nozzles for the purpose. For 
general spraying the Vermorel or eddy chamber type of nozzle, of 
which there are various modifications, is best. These nozzles give a 
spray of different degrees of fineness, depending upon the size of the 
aperture of the cap used. In the spray application given immedi- 
ately after the falling of the petals, especially to lodge poison in the 
calyx cups for the control of the codling moth, a cap with a large 
opening is used by many orchardists, and some fruit growers, espe- 
cially in portions of the West, use at this time a still coarser spray, 
as that from the “Bordeaux” or similar nozzles. Information on 
this point as obtained by the Department of Agriculture under 
humid conditions indicates that there is no advantage in using so 
coarse a spray, such as is produced by Bordeaux nozzles, especially 
since a much larger amount of spray is required and greater injury 
may result, 
In spraying high trees some form of elevated platform should be 
constructed on the wagon, on which one of the men holding the 
nozzles may stand to spray the higher parts of the tree, the other 
men spraying from the ground as high as may be reached and over- 
lapping the work of the men on the tower. 
In many commercial orchards more time is consumed in driving to 
and from the water supply than in actually applying the spray. This 
can be remedied by the use of a supply tank which will hold 200 to 
300 gallons. One hand should be able to prepare the mixtures and 
deliver them to the sprayers in the orchard, thus keeping the outfit 
constantly in operation. The mixture may be quickly transferred 
from the supply tank by means of a rotary pump attached to the 
engines or by other tank-filling devices. 
APPLYING THE SPRAY. 
Sprays are preventive and not curative, and must therefore be 
applied before the injury becomes apparent. After a fungus has 
gained entrance to the foliage or fruit it can not be reached and the 
diseased parts made sound again; but the infection may be prevented 
492 
