INSECT AND FUNGOUS ENEMIES OF THE APPLE. 47 
by coating the parts with a fungicide, such as lime-sulphur solution, 
which prevents the germination of the spores. Similarly, the codling 
moth may not be poisoned after it has burrowed into the fruit, but if 
the poison has been put into the calyx cavities before the calyx lobes 
have closed, and has been sprayed on the foliage and fruit before the 
latter is entered by the larvae, the destruction of the latter in large 
numbers is insured. Successful spraying, therefore, must be based 
on a knowledge of the diseases and insects to be controlled. With all 
of the affections here considered the work should be done in advance 
of their expected appearance in the orchard. 
There are two principal reasons why spraying in the hands of 
some is unsatisfactory, namely, failure to make the applications at 
the proper time and failure thoroughly to coat the trees and fruit 
with the mixture. In order to overcome the former difficulty the 
orchardist must be informed as to the nature of the malady or insect 
to be treated, and the latter may be overcome by maintaining proper 
equipment and by giving the necessary attention to thoroughness in 
spraying. 
In the operation of spraying the liquid should be broken into a 
very fine mist. The nozzles should be so manipulated that every 
part of the foliage and fruit shall be uniformly covered with fine 
dots of the spray. It is not necessary that the foliage and fruit 
should be actually coated with the spray, but every portion should 
be thickly peppered with it. The higher and inner portions of the 
tree are commonly insufliciently sprayed, and while the liquid may 
actually be dripping from the lower branches the upper parts of the 
tree may show little of the spray. 
The desired mistlike spray can ordinarily be secured only with 
high pressure at the pump. This pressure should be not less than 
100 pounds, though this is not ordinarily obtained except with gaso- 
line or other power outfits, which should supply a pressure of 125 
to 150 pounds. When hand pumps are used the pressure should be 
maintained as high as practicable, and never less than 75 pounds, in 
which case good nozzles become more essential for perfect work. To 
maintain this pressure will require constant hard work, and the 
tendency will be to allow the pressure to lighten. Except in spraying 
the tops of trees the nozzle men should never ride in the wagon, even 
while spraying the smallest trees. In order to reach the inner 
branches and the underside of the fruit and foliage the operator 
must spray from the ground, where he is free to walk around and 
under the trees. Many failures result from attempts to spray trees 
from the wagon as the outfit is being driven by. 
The question is frequently asked, especially by persons not much 
experienced in spraying, as to the proper quantity of spray required 
492 
