102 GRASSHOPPERS AND OTHER INJURIOUS INSECTS OF 1911 AND 1912. 



which the buds and scions are taken. These are often responsible for the 

 outbreak of an infestation of scale insects, such as San Jose, Oyster Shell, 

 Putnam and Scurfy. The first named is not known to exist in our orchards, 

 but the latter three are quite common, and should trees bearing them be 

 shipped into a state where all stock received is inspected they would undoubt- 

 edly be destroyed. 



In no section of the law can there be found a statement saying- that ship- 

 ments within the state should have a certificate attached. Shipments destined 

 for other states require it, and it was to meet that requirement that the present 

 law was passed. The idea being to enable nurserymen to do business outside 

 the state, but not being sufficiently particular about the business done at home. 

 Certificates should be on all shipments, whether outside the state or within. 

 To revoke or withhold a certificate at present means only that the nurseryman 

 is prohibited from shipping to other states requiring certificates, and still 

 allows him to do business within his own state. To require only those nurseries 

 which ship to other states to be inspected aims at protection for those states 

 chiefly and not sufficiently protection for our interests at home. Minnesota 

 needs protection for her own sake as well as for the benefit of surrounding 

 states. 



This leads to the question of who shall pay for inspection, the nursery- 

 man or the state. The Minnesota law states that a fee of five dollars per 

 day and expenses shall be collected for the inspection of a nursery. When a 

 number of nurseries are on a circuit it is a most difficult matter to determine 

 the sum to be collected from each, especially the apportioning of the expense 

 account, and it is almost impossible to do this in any way except approxi- 

 mately. The important point in connection with the matter of fees is that the 

 inspector does not always feel at liberty to spend as much time as he would 

 like in a nursery because such time is being paid for by the nurseryman, and 

 it is only fair to him to keep expenses as low as possible. There are two nur- 

 series here, perhaps a third, that, were they in a state where San Jose Scale 

 is common, each would require the time of two men for six or seven days to be 

 properly inspected. This scale having been found in two nurseries this year, 

 received in both cases from eastern states, it has become necessary to spend 

 more time in these examinations, and it is recommended that either the work 

 be done at state expense or a small fee without expenses be charged in order 

 to give the inspector every opportunity to spend a sufficient amount of time in 

 the inspection. An examination of the horticultural inspection laws reveals 

 the fact that in approximately one-fourth of the states inspection is made at 

 the expense of the nurserymen, and usually a fee is charged in addition, while 

 in the other three-fourths the states appropriate funds for this purpose. 



The time allotted for this paper permits me to speak of one other point 

 which is that the term "nursery stock" should be defined in the law. Such def- 

 inition must be broad enough to cover the florist's stock which is re- 

 ceived here in the fall from Europe, and permit of its inspection. This stock 

 is often classed as greenhouse stock in this country, but being field grown in 

 Europe it should be inspected for Brown Tail Moths nests and Gypsy Moth 

 egg clusters. A word of advice to those who ship greenhouse stock will not 

 be out of place here. This may be shipped into the state or out of it without 

 a certificate and in order to avoid any delay which might arise if an inspector 

 should hold up a shipment for inspection because of a lack of certificate, every 

 greenhouse manager should clearly label each package with the words "Green- 

 house Stock." 



This gives an opportunity foi- an unscrupulous man to practice decep- 

 tion, but if the necessity arises a means will be found to detect such an act. 



Horticultural inspection laws are still in the formative period, but con- 

 stantly changing for the better, weaknesses are being found and corrected, and 

 it is only by continually striving for their improvement that laws can be 

 evolved which will eff"ectually control the situation." 



While inspection of nurseries is not compulsory under the Min- 

 nesota law, as now worded, our nurseries are compelled by the laws 



