68 INJURIOUS INSECTS OF 1909 AND IQIO. 
tiny nipple-like elevation. This scaly covering, it must be under- 
stood, is simply an armor for the insect, which lives beneath, it being 
secreted by the insect. While the female scale is round, the male 
scale is generally somewhat oval. Under this armor, if we raise it 
carefully with a pen-knife, we find the yellowish insect with its long 
beak, with which it is enabled to reach and pierce the bark, even 
though it may be separated from the latter by one or more layers of 
its fellows. 
Its Life History. 
The young are born alive in the spring or summer, under the 
scale of the female, and crawl about for a few hours, after which 
they insert their beaks into the bark, and then, or even before, begin 
to secrete the waxy covering which we are wont to call the scale. 
It is during these few hours of active larval life that the young scales 
can and do migrate—one means of.causing the pest each year to 
become more widespread. This migration may be active, to other 
limbs of the same tree, or to other trees whose branches interlace 
with the home tree, albeit they frequently settle close to the mother 
scale; or it may be passive, in that the young larvae are carried to 
other trees on the feet of birds, on the bodies of other insects, or pos- 
sibly, to some extend, by the wind. Importation on infested nursery 
stock or scions (and this is the great danger in Minnesota) may be, 
and is freqtiently the cause of spreading this pest to a distance, and 
infested fruit has been, in the past, a very serious menace in districts 
to which it has been shipped. 
The producing-period of the female is said to last for about six 
weeks, after which she dies. She begins to bring forth young when 
she is thirty days old, and under favorable climatic conditions may 
rear three broods or more. Both male and female, as well as the 
young, pass through the winter in the armored condition, as shown 
by our illustrations. 
The Minnesota Experiment. 
A few years ago at the request of a member of the Horticultural 
Society, we secured cuttings of fruit trees, loaded with this scale, 
from an infested state, and placed the same in securely-locked cheese- 
cloth cages, tying the infested scions to 2 healthy apple and plum 
tree in each case. The young spread from the scions to the trees. 
