156 INJURIOUS INSECTS OF 1909 AND IQIO. 
before the flowers blossom, another after the petals have fallen, and 
a third about ten days or two weeks later, followed by a fourth will 
probably be sufficient. Self boiled lime sulfur and iron sulfide 
mixtures have also been used with considerable success. 
Rust: This is usually formed on the leaves, producing orange 
colored spots; it may also be found on the fruit, and, less frequently, 
on the twigs. If examined closely, the orange spots are seen to 
consist of many cup-shaped bodies with fringed edges. It is espe- 
cially bad on wealthy apples when it attacks the blossom end of the 
fruit. The rust lives over the winter on the red cedar, which it 
produces the so-called cedar apples from which infection of the 
apple again takes place in the spring, especially following moist 
weather. 
Spraying for scab will keep this in check to a certa:n extent, but 
not completely. Obviously, however, red cedars, whenever possible, 
should be removed from the vicinity of the orchard, or at least the 
cedar apples should be cut away early in the spring or late in the 
fall. If the latter is not effective, the cedar trees must be removed. 
Neighbors should co-operate. 
Bitter Rotr—Ripe- Ror: This rot 1s found ‘on friieaue 
branches. On the fruit it appears first as small, brownish patches 
beneath the skin. These patches rapidly enlarge until they are of 
considerable size; they then form sunken, often wrinkled areas, 
which are often corky, and very bitter around the edges. The fruit 
is especially liable to attack while it is ripening, but may become 
infected earlier. Hot, damp weather is very favorable to the spread 
of the disease which may cause great loss within a week or ten days 
from the time it first appears. 
On the branches it forms cankers which are usually round or 
somewhat elongated spots, sometimes several inches long. The 
bark becomes very dry, cracks, and causes a characteristic sunken, 
wrinkled appearance. The disease probably persists largely in 
these cankers, but also on the ‘‘mummied”’ fruit. 
All rotted apples should be destroyed and the cankered twigs 
pruned out. If spraying to prevent this disease alone, it would 
probably be early enough to make the first application of bordeaux 
or self boiled lime sulfur about a month after the petals have fallen, 
and to continue at intervals of about two weeks until the fruit is 
