INJURIOUS INSECTS OF I90Q AND. IQIO. 157 
nearly ripe. Pruning and destroying the diseased apples, together 
with the sprays used for scab, will keep the disease in check. 
Biack Rot: This quite closely resembles the bitter rot. It 
forms brown, sunken areas on the fruit; these are often darker in 
color than those formed by bitter rot. The brown color changes to 
a darker color until finally the apple dries out, leaving only a black- 
ish, much shrunken remnant. Beneath the skin, numerous small 
black dots may be seen. The fungus gains entrance to trunks also, 
usually through wounds or sunscald cracks in the spring, inflicting 
such damage that large limbs may be killed. A number of so-called 
leaf spots are also probably due to this fungus. 
The treatment is the same as that for the bitter ror. 
Fire Buicut: ‘This is a bacterial disease which is no doubt 
spread very largely through the agency of insects. When they 
visit the flower, they may have some of the bacteria adhering to their 
mouth parts, thus permitting the organisms to get into the nectar, 
where they multiply with amazing rapidity, finally getting into the 
twig. Boring or biting insects may also cause the infection of older 
branches. Affected twigs first present a water-soakea appearance, 
but later the bark is ruptured and gummy exudations appear. The 
fruit may also be attacked. The leaves of affected branches yellow 
and dry, but remain on the twigs; usually they do not fall in the 
winter. 
Pruning in the fall or winter should he resorted to if the disease 
is prevalent. Precautions must be taken to disinfect pruning knives 
used, or the disease may be spread by means of them. The wounds 
should also be properly cared for. For disinfecting use the cor- 
rosive sublimate preparation. Prune back six inches or more below 
the infection. Prune out all infected twigs. Neighbors must co- 
operate. 
Lear Spots: There are various spots which are caused by 
different fungi. Almost all, if not all, can be controlled by the 
sprays which are applied to prevent the other diseases mentioned. 
Powpery Mitpew: This mildew has the characteristics of 
powdery mildews in general. It is usually most prevalent on nurs- 
ery stock where it may cause considerable damage. As the leaves 
begin to unfold, an application of ammoniacal copper carbonate 
should be made. This should be continued at two week intervals. 
A COMBINATION TREATMENT FOR INSECTS AND FUNGOUS 
