32 NURSERY INSPECTION. 
There are. however, two pests in particular which we have with 
us: one, an insect not frequently observed here, though presumably 
more abundant in old orchards than the public is generally aware 
of, and the other a plant disease of bacterial origin, with us always, 
and causing the death of thousands of raspberry canes in Minnesota, 
whatever effect it may or may not have upon the apple. 
San Jose Scale: 
A fruit tree may be badly infested with oyster shell scale and 
still survive, but for some physiological reason, let one-half or one- 
fourth as many San Jose scales infest it and it generally succumbs. 
This much-dreaded insect has been found by the Inspection force 
three times in Minnesota nurseries, twice upon stock in two differ- 
ent nurseries, shortly after it had been brought here from another 
state (Pennsylvania), and recently, in our 1914 inspection, upon 
mountain ash received from Michigan a few years ago. The female 
scales upon these latter trees had matured and given birth to young 
which had infested an adjoining block of young apples. See 
Figure 1 on colored plate, representing a cutting from one of the 
apple trees referred to, showing characteristic reddening of the 
new bark where this scale is attached. Young scales were found 
crawling about amongst the parent scales, upon the apple and ash 
trees, even as late as the latter part of August. It is evident that 
these mature scales must have lived in Minnesota at least two 
winters, and we have personally, as an experiment, a few years 
ago, kept San Jose scales alive here, out of doors, on plum and 
apple for two succeeding winters. It is apparent, therefore, that 
this scale will endure our climate long enough to do considerable 
damage. 
Our radical treatment of the conditions met with in this infesta- 
tion of 1914 is referred to elsewhere. By a coincidence, at almost 
the same time as this discovery in the nursery, the Entomologist 
purchased from a leading grocer in Minneapolis some Seckle pears 
which were found badly infested with this same scale. See Figure 
2, colored plate. Inquiry developed the fact that these pears also 
came from Michigan. It has been known, of course, for a long 
time that this scale existed in Michigan as well as in many other 
states, and there is nothing particularly threatening to the fruit 
industry of Minnesota in the fact of this infested fruit being sent 
here. At the same time, these two findings indicate either an 
indifference or lack of thoroughness and system, or lack of funds 
