DopGE: RELATIONSHIPS OF FLORIDEAE AND ASCOMYCETES 171 
formation of the crosier in such forms as Aspergillus, Gymmnoascus, 
Gnomonia, and Polystigma. 
A number of cases have been reported where the end cell 
bends down and fuses with the cell below the ascus, so that in this 
way a new cell is formed containing two nuclei which may later 
fuse and form a new ascus. W. H. Brown (19, 20) noted such 
cases in Leotia, Geoglossum, and Lachnea scutellata; Fraser (43) in 
Humaria rutilans; and Claussen (26) in Pyronema. 
The relations of the outgrowths of the egg in those red algae 
in which secondary fertilizations occur to the so-called auxiliary 
cells have been the subject of extensive study since the time of. 
Schmitz, and there yet remain many unsolved questions both as 
to the position and morphological character of the auxiliary cells 
and the cytological features of the fusion of the egg outgrowths 
with them. Schmitz called these filaments proceeding from the 
fertilized egg odblastema filaments. They are to be distinguished 
from the gonimoblasts which produce spores directly. Their 
general resemblance to ascogenous hyphae is certainly striking, 
as Oltmanns (68) pointed out, and it is strange that it has not been 
more specifically discussed. Both are outgrowths of the fertilized 
€gg orits equivalent. Schmitz made clear their nature and method 
of development in the red algae, but Oltmanns claims that Schmitz 
was mistaken in his interpretation of the fusions of the odblastema 
filaments with the auxiliary cells as repeated sexual processes. 
Schmitz’s classification of the Florideae based largely on the 
morphology of their reproductive organs at once superseded the 
older systems of Nageli (62) and Agardh (1). Daines (28), a 
Pupil of Setchell, has analyzed the data upon which the present 
classification is based and describes very briefly and clearly the 
characters of the different groups as generally accepted to-day. 
There are five main groups:—Nemalionales, Gigartinales, Rhody- 
meniales, Ceramiales, and Cryptonemiales. 
In Schmitz’s simplest group are found the well-known forms 
Batrachospermum, Nemalion, etc. In these forms vegetative 
envelopes for the mass of carpospores are almost or entirely 
wanting (Fic. 6, A). The sporogenous cells, gonimoblasts, grow 
out from the fertilized egg as short filaments which become sep- 
tate and give rise at once and without secondary fusions to masses 
