178 DopGE: RELATIONSHIPS OF FLORIDEAE AND ASCOMYCETES 
carpic fruit body. The protective envelope is developed from the 
outgrowths from the basal cells of the carpogenic branch.  Wran- 
gelia is another comparatively simple type but the interpretation 
of its cystocarp may be open to question. The gametophytic 
protective filaments are quite definitely disposed about the masses 
of carpospores. The large and complex carpospore fruits of 
Gigartina, Erythrophyllum, etc., the so-called nemathecia, may be 
regarded as cleistocarpic and, as noted, may correspond to the 
ascocarp in Penicillium. Such nemathecia are found in the com- 
Fic. 6. Cystocarps of red algae. A. Nemalion multifidum; B. Dermonema 
dichotomum; C. Scinaia furcellata; D. Polysiphonia; E. Corallina mediterranea; 
F. Lejolisia; G. Spore group, Polyides. c.c, central cell; cpg, carpogonium; csp 
carpospore; f.c, fusion cell; pc, enveloping filaments or pericarp; pm, paranemental 
filaments or paraphyses; m, opening of cystocarp; per, periphyses; ir, trichogyne 
A, Farlow; B, C, Schmitz; D, Phillips; E, Solms-Laubach; F, Bornet; G, Thuret. 
paratively simple as well as in the highest groups of the red algae. 
The conceptacle of Corallina (Fic. 6, E) is a structure presumably 
formed before the development of the procarpic branches, and 
can not perhaps properly be compared with the ascocarp of the 
Ascomycetes. 
It has been assumed, probably without sufficient grounds, that 
the cleistocarp is the primitive ascocarp of the Ascomycetes; 
because in the great majority of cases so far as now known the 
