622 FARWELL: CORRECT NAME FOR HEMLOCK SPRUCE 
As there is no specific mention of a type we may arrive at one 
by considering (1) the herbarium specimens, (2) the description, 
(3) the synonyms, and (4) the specific name and habitat. Pinus 
canadensis is represented in the Linnaean Herbarium, but Mr. 
B. D. Jackson, in his Index to the Linnaean Herbarium, shows that 
the specimen was not received until later than 1767, several years 
after the publication of the species, and that it is not authenticated 
by Linnaeus; it may therefore be disregarded as not bearing upon 
the point in question. 
The descriptive phrase of Linnaeus is not distinctive and can 
not limit his species to any one form; he took no consideration 
of the cones whatever; he described the leaves as solitary, linear, 
somewhat obtuse, ard submembranaceous, characters that apply 
to the leaves of a number of species of the solitary-leaved Abieteae 
and therefore can not be considered as specific in character. 
The first synonym cited is that of Gronovius. Gronovius’ species 
was published as follows on page 191 of the Ist edition of the Flora 
Virginica, part 2, 1743: 
ABIES foliis solitariis confertis obtusus membranacets. 
Abies minor pectinatis foliis Virginiana conis parvis, subro- 
tundis. Plukn. Alm. p. 2 t. 121 Fig. 1 
Abies minor Taxifoliis, conis parvis subrotundis, deorsum 
spectantibus. Clayton N. 547 
Folia linearis, plana, tenuissima, carinata, obtusa, confertim 
natam solitaria. Coni magnitudine fragae, ovati, acuminati, 
squamis numerosis planis subrotundis obtusissimis. 
In this connection it may properly be remarked that the plant 
of Plukenet, which is presumably the type of his figure 1, plate 
121, is preserved in the Herb. Sloane, volume 95, folio 1, and is 
the hemlock spruce, generally known as Tsuga canadensis Carr.; 
also that the plant of Clayton, No. 547, upon which Gronovius | 
based his species, is preserved at the British Museum and is the 
same thing. 
Here we have not only a very accurate description of the leaves 
and cones but herbarium specimens and a published figure to 
supplement the descriptions, all of which, taken together, accu- 
rately limit the species defined to the hemlock spruce commonly 
known as Tsuga canadensis Carr. Apparently this should be 
