626 FARWELL: CORRECT NAME FOR HEMLOCK SPRUCE 
his Pinus canadensis. I have not seen the plate published by 
Miller but, considering the fact that he had a very clear conception 
of the various species and access to living material of all, I doubt 
not but that it is characteristic of the white spruce.* We have 
no choice but to consider the 7th edition of the Gardeners Dic- 
tionary to be the publication in which the delimitation or segre- 
gation of our spruces and firs began and to be guided accordingly. 
It has become very clear from the foregoing that the Pinus 
canadensis of Linnaeus is an aggregate consisting of the hemlock 
spruce and the white spruce. The habitat gives us no clue as to 
which may be considered the type but the specific name, as in the 
case of Pinus balsamea, may. The white spruce is most character- 
istically a Canadian species, while the hemlock spruce is charac- 
teristically American, using the latter term as equivalent to the 
United States; hence the specific name indicates the white spruce. 
Also what more than likely that Linnaeus in establishing his Pinus ~ 
canadensis was guided more by the recently published but speci- 
fically unnamed plate of Miller, than by the old description of 
Gronovius? We must also consider the fact that the Plukenetian 
species, also illustrated and the true hemlock spruce, was left under 
Pinus balsamea. Thevery fact that the hemlock spruce was divided 
between the two species is paramount in itself to proof positive that 
the author did not consider it the type of either. A careful weigh- 
ing and consideration of the above problems leads to the conclusion 
that the Millerian synonym, not the Gronovian, is the type of Pinus 
canadensis L. 
To sum up: Pinus balsamea L. of the Ist edition of the Species 
Plantarum is an aggregate which may be considered to include all 
of the firs, spruces, and hemlocks. 
Miller, in 1759, segregated the Linnaean aggregate, recognizing 
four species, but did not name them under the binomial system. 
Linnaeus, in 1763, recognized, in part, the work of Miller and 
established Pinus canadensis, on, we shall claim, the Millerian 
species (No. 5) but probably intended it to contain all species with 
drooping cones. Unfortunately he neglected to remove the 
* Since writing the above I have received a communication from Mr. A. Gepp» 
of the British Museum, in which he informs me that the plate of Miller referred to is 
considered by Mr. A. Bruce Jackson, an authority on the Coniferae, to be the Picea 
canadensis BSP., thus confirming the deductions above drawn. 
[retiree ee tae eee 
