FARWELL: CORRECT NAME FOR HEMLOCK SPRUCE 627 
Plukenetian synonym from Pinus balsamea which, very likely, 
was intended to include all species with erect cones. Five years 
afterward, 1768, Miller published the 8th edition of the Gardeners 
Dictionary and in this work he not only recognized the four species 
of the 7th edition, but the binomial system also and consequently 
gave specific appellations to the species. 
The balm of Gilead fir or balsam fir (species No. 6 of the 7th 
edition) becomes Abies balsamea, species No. 3. * 
The white spruce fir (species No. 5 of the 7th edition) be- 
comes Abies canadensis, species No. 4. 
The black spruce fir (species No. 4 of the 7th edition) 
comes Abies mariana, species No. 5. 
The hemlock fir (species No. 3 of the 7th edition) becomes 
Abies americana, species No. 6. 
Nos. 4 and 6 are described as follows: 
4. ABIES (Canadensis) foliis linearibus obtusiusculis sub- 
membranaceis. The Newfoundland White Spruce Fir. 
Abies foliis piceae brevioribus, conis parvis biuncialibus laxis. 
Rand. 
6. Apres (Americana) foliis linearibus obtusiusculis bifariam 
versis conis subrotundis. The Hemlock Spruce Fir. 
A careful comparison of the descriptions of Abies canadensis 
Mill. and Pinus canadensis L. shows them to be identical ia every- 
thing except the Gronovian synonym which Miller has removed 
from the Linnaean species and described and named as Abies 
americana. Under the Vienna Code, Articles 46 and 47 govern; 
the latter provides that in segregating a species, the specific name 
is retained for the element first published ; and the former provides 
that where two or more groups are of the same date the author 
chooses and his choice cannot subsequently be modified. The 
conclusions we have arrived at from the above study are: 
(1) Linnaeus published Pinus balsamea in 1753 and made it 
broad enough to include all east North American Abieteae with 
Single leaves. 
(2) Miller, in 1759, segregated the Linnaean aggregate, re- 
cognizing four species. 
(3) Linnaeus, in 1763, retained Pinus balsamea and described 
Pinus canadensis (dividing the hemlock spruce and placing a part 
