FULGOEIDJE, 175 



Family FULGORID.^. 



Fiilgoi'idas, Ledch, Edin. Eneu. ix (1817) ; Westiu. Mod. Class. Ins. 



ii, p. 427 (1840) ; Fieb. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xvi, p. 497 (1866) ; 



Atkins. J. A. S. Bemj. liv, p. 127 (1885); Melich. Horn. Faun. 



Ceijlon, p. 10 (1908) ; Hansen, Entomologist, 1903, p. 93. 

 Fulgorellfe, Latr. Gen. iii. p. 163 (1807) ; Spin. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 



1839, pp. 133 & 202. 

 Fulcrorina, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii, 1, pp. 102 & 144 (1835). 

 Fiilgorida, Stdl, Hem. Afr. iv, p. 128 (1866). 



Ocelli two, rarely three or none, one on each gena, third (when 

 present) placed on apex of front; gensB reflexed, very often sejDa- 

 rated from the front by a i-idge ; tegmina at base with a teo-ula 

 which is hidden, but seldom absent ; anterior coxae inserted near 

 the sides of the body, very often elongate, posterior pair transverse, 

 contiguous, extending to the lateral margins of the body. 



The above characters were those relied upon by Stal, Hansen, 

 who microscopically studied the family, or at least some repre- 

 sentatives of it, after alluding to the two great divisions of the 

 Fulgoridse, in which the subfamily Delphaciiue is distinguished from 

 the other subfamilies by the possession of a mobile spur at the 

 apex of the posterior tibiae (as pointed out by Stfil), also discovered 

 that the sensory organs on the second peduncular segment or 

 joint of the antennae are furnished with bristles in the Delphacince, 

 but in the Fulgorinoi with lamellar lobes (" blades "), which are 

 sometimes feebly, but generally very well developed. 



Hansen is dissatisfied with Stal's division of subfamilies as 

 here, and usually by other workers, followed ; but as his criticisms 

 are based on minute and microscopical characters, not yet fully 

 elucidated, and difficult of apprehension save by advanced morpho- 

 logical students, we must await a fuller enunciation of his system 

 before attempting to apply it to a purely faunistic publication like 

 the present one. The value of Hansen's work is undoubted, but 

 its application at present, owing to its incomplete character, is 

 impossible. We therefoi-e follow StSl in his arrangement of 

 subfamilies, a matter of considerable difficidty as they are ill-detined. 

 Sijnopsis of iSnbfamilies. 

 I. Anal area of wings reticulated, the ridge 

 sepai'ating the front from the genae con- 

 tinued on the sides of tlie clvpeus Fahjorince. 



II. Anal area of wings very rarely reticulate, 



when so, the clypeus convex without 



lateral ridges. 



A. Posterior tibiae without a mobile spur 



at apex. 



a. Face broad, transverse, or almost 



equally broad as long, amplified on 



both sides in a distinct angle ; an- 



