96 TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING. 
souri flowed down to the base of permanent ice, they became frozen and filled the 
valley — such as it was, ice on one side and land on the other — with ice, until the 
waters could flow to the eastward into the Des Moines river, in Iowa, and into 
the Grand river, in north Missouri, and westward until an elevation was reached 
commensurate with, though not equal to, t! e height of the ice. 
The sands, muds and ground-up limestones that were carried down by the 
waters of the Missouri overspread the ice and found lodgment, on its subsequent 
melting, wherever it was carried to. Thus it is that we find what is called 
‘‘loess,’’? or Missouri river deposit, nearly everywhere in Marshall, Pottawatomie 
and northern Shawnee counties; in some places 60 to 75 miles from the present 
Missouri river. 
This ice must have made the passage easier for the stones that were carried 
from the north; for we find boulders from Ontario arranged in a line along the 
outer margin of this loess-covered region, from Hollenberg and Hanover, Wash- 
ington county, by way of Olsburg, St. George, and Wamego, Pottawatomie 
county, McFarland and Maple Hill, Wabaunsee county, Mission Center, Berry- 
ton, and Richland, Shawnee county, Belvoir, Clinton, and Sibley, Douglas 
county, to near Olathe, Johnson county. 
Drrection oF IcE FtLow. 
The ice pushed southward across the Kaw river all the way from Wamego to 
Kansas City, and reached an extreme distance south of the Kaw of nine miles 
south of Topeka and 13 miles south of Kansas City. Thus the Kaw was blocked 
for a short time, but not to cause it to overflow across the divide into the Osage, 
except possibly for a very short time. 
Wherever in Kansas any evidences are to be seen regarding the direction of 
ice flow, the ice seemed to radiate by curved lines, from nearly straight south in 
the Missouri valley to west of south in the Delaware valley, 30 miles to the west, 
and to south of west in the Blue valley, 75 miles to the west. 
At Kansas City a few scratches seen on the limestone rocks and reported some 
time ago indicate a direction of ice flow a few degrees east of south. Scratches, 
however, are very scarce; they have all, if any ever existed, been worn away long 
ago. 
At Lawrence, all indications seem to be that the ice flowed nearly straight 
south. Mount Oread, upon which the university stands, is a ridge standing di- 
rectly north and south. It has had its sides sharply planed by the ice, which 
must have flowed nearly parallel. If there.were any difference of pressure upon 
its sides, its east wall would seem to have been smoothed the best; though pressure 
there was not strong enough to carry any of the stones over the crest of the ridge. 
Indeed, there is no evidence on the south end of the ridge, where the university 
stands, that the ice passed over the hill at that point; though farther north, 
where the ridge is lower, there are boulder clay and small quartzite pebbles at one 
or more points, showing that the ice passed there. The high northern end, over- 
looking the Kaw, has not been examined. 
At Topeka the direction of ice flow seems to have been south 17 degrees west. 
There are no scratches on the rocks. The only evidences are the general trend 
of the three parallel ridges upon which the city is built and the general trend of 
the moraine in front, which is exactly perpendicular to those ridges. 
Further west the principal evidence of ice flow is the general trend of the 
moraine, which is generally perpendicular to it. 
CouURSE OF THE MORAINE. 
The line of the moraine, as it crosses Shawnee county, is thus: Commencing 
at the east line of the county about three miles north of the southeast corner of 
