100 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
5. A strong torrent washed the base of the ice on the west, north, and east 
sides of the mound, laying bare the bed-rock, and even cutting through it north 
of the mound. 
6. The water escaped east of the mound by overflowing at Pauline into the 
Wakarusa. 
7. The ice on the north side of the mound dumped its load into the bottom 
of the denuded Shunganunga valley. 
8. This deposit was not merely dropped, but was pressed heavily against the 
foot-wall on the south side of the valley. 
9. This deposit was afterward covered up by wash from the sunrounditte hills, 
and so rendered invisible except where subsequently exposed by the creek. 
GLACIAL LAKES. 
An ancient shore-line is distinctly to be seen surrounding the mound at an ele- 
vation of about 50feet below its summit. About 30 feet below this a second shore 
line is seen. This lower one is nearly 200 feet in breadth on the north side of the 
mound. This follows along the hillside to the west as far as the eye can see. It 
passes around the mound to the east side, and follows the side of the ridge to 
the south as far as one can see from the mound. 
In the Wakarusa valley a glacial lake was formed, reaching from three miles 
below Richland, where the ice-field crossed the Wakarusa, back to Auburn, a 
distance of 20 miles, and having an average breadth of three to four miles. 
Allowing levels to be the same then as now, the depth of the Wakarusa lake, 
near Belvoir, its deepest place, was 250 feet; at Richland, 200 feet; at Wakarusa 
station, 150 feet; and at Auburn, about 50 feet. 
The depth of the Shunganunga river, at its deepest place, north of the 
mound, was 125 feet, and in the shallowest part of the gorge, connecting its head 
with Blacksmith creek, was 75 feet. 
A glacial lake formed on Mission creek, extending from the Moon road-cross- 
ing back southwestward into Wabaunsee county 15 miles. Its breadth was 
about two miles. It overflowed across Blacksmith creek into the Shunganunga 
river. 
A glacial lake formed on Mill creek, reaching from Maple. Hill westward 
away beyond Alma, and southward about seven miles. Its deepest place was at 
Maple Hill, exceeding 200 feet. It overflowed southward into Mission lake. The 
top of Buffalo mound, like the top of Burnett’s mound, stuck up out of water. ; 
The greatest lake of all was formed on the Kaw, from Wabaunsee up past 
Manhattan, westward on the Smoky hill to Salina, and northward on the Blue 
nearly to Blue Rapids. All the waters of this Kansas lake overflowed through 
the valley between Wabaunsee and McFarland into Mission lake and later 
through the Shunganunga river around Burnett’s mound. The depth of this 
Kansas lake at Manhattan was a little over 150 feet. 
On retreat of the glacier the Wakarusa ran out first, followed by the Shunga- 
nunga; this in turn was followed by the Mission lake; next the Mill creek lake 
was free to run into the Kaw. Finally the glacier retreated from the Kansas 
river between Wamego and St. Mary’s, and the Kaw was open over its whole 
course. Had the glacier lingered longer until 75 feet more of earth were removed 
in the valley between McFarland and Wabaunsee, the course of the Kaw would 
have been changed into the valley at present occupied by Mill creek. 
Small icebergs floating in these waters account for an occasional boulder and 
a little drift material south of the moraine. 
