124 Transactions. 
on the floor of the church till some time after 1772, when the 
various pieces were removed into the churchyard in consequence 
of alterations in the church. In 1802, Dr Duncan finding that 
it was exposed to injury in the churchyard, had the various 
fragments pieced together and erected in their present position. 
Previous to this, however, a portion of the top of the Cross was 
found in digging a grave to an unusual depth ; but the transverse 
arms are still wanting, those now on the monument having been 
supplied by Dr Duncan in 1823—‘“a circumstance,” says Fin 
Magnusen, “ which should carefully be kept in mind by all who 
in future may have occasion to inspect the monument itself, or 
drawings of it.” The broad faces of the Cross are sculptured 
with Scriptural subjects in relief, and on the sides with seroll- 
work, also in relief, representing a vine, with birds and beasts 
on its branches and eating of its fruit. ‘This was a common 
representation,” say Dr Anderson,”? ‘on Christian monuments, 
and examples occur at Jedburgh, and on the elaborately sculptured 
monuments of Celtic character at Hilton of Cadboll, and Tarbet 
in Ross.” This species of ornamentation occurs also on the 
Bewecastle pillar, and is a strong proof that they are of the same 
period, and, indeed, they are supposed to have been sculptured 
by the same person. The figure subjects on the broad faces of 
the Ruthwell monument are arranged in panels surrounded with 
flat borders, on which are engraved the inscriptions which give to 
this monument its special interest. They are in two alphabets, 
and in two languages—one set being carved in Roman capitals 
and the other in Runes. The inscriptions in Roman capitals are 
in the Latin language, and the Runic inscriptions in the Northum- 
brian or Anglian dialect of the Anglo-Saxon. 
Beginning at the base on the north side of the monument, we 
have a plain Latin cross with the symbols of the sun and moon 
on each side. Immediately above is a panel containing the 
annunciation : the Angel Gabriel appearing unto Mary, with the 
words “INGRESSVS ANGELYS”—‘‘The angel having entered” 
1 “ Report of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries,” 1836, pp. 86-7. 
2 “Seotland in Early Christian Times,” 2d series, p. 233. I am indebted to Dr 
Anderson’s book for a few of the above remarks. 
3 According to Dr Duncan, this Cross is “‘a representation of the Crucifixion, much 
defaced. Along with our Saviour, the two crucified thieves seem to have been sculptured, 
and an orb, probably indicating the darkening sun.” This statement is certainly wrong ; 
there is no trace of any sculpturing on the face of the Cross, and besides there are distinct 
traces of two orbs, one on each side, which certainly must represent the sun and moon. 
The symbols occur several times on sculptured stones of the Christian period, 
