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distinct characteristics, viz., the upper and lower, of indefinite 

 thickness, but very frequently divided by a formation of magnesian 

 limestone. The upper division is remarkable for its redness, 

 whereas the lower part is pale and closely approximates in colour 

 to the ordinary sandstones of the acknowledged coal formation. 'j 

 I would prefer saying, myself, that while the Permian (or New Red 

 Sandstone) colour is brick-red, the stained Carboniferous rocks 

 never quite attain that tint, but are pinkish or purple-grey, especially 

 the latter, which is their most characteristic hue. And rocks of 

 ordinary Carboniferous brown are often found in close connexion 

 with the more brightly coloured beds. 



As localities at which stained Carboniferous rocks may be seen, 

 it will suffice to mention the River Waver, about Bolton Low 

 Houses, and the tributary which joins it near Pasture House ; 

 Shalk Beck, south of the road connecting Near Welt on and Rosley 

 Rigg ; and the Caldew, between the Permian stone under Rose 

 Castle Bridge and Sebergham. A sketch-map of this district 

 appended to Dunn's paper shows, accordingly. Westward, Rosley, 

 and Sebergham all standing on the " New Red Sandstone." And 

 Dunn's map resembles in all essential points the older editions of 

 the geological maps of Ramsay and Greenough, and even the 

 geological map of Cumberland in Mr. Jenkinson's excellent 

 Handbook to the Lakes, 5th Ed., 1876. The differences in the 

 above maps refer mainly to the boundary lines between Permian 

 and New Red Sandstone, not Permian and Carboniferous rocks. 



I have now to prove my case that the " Lower Red Sandstone" 

 of Dunn is not Permian or New Red Sandstone, but Carboniferous. 

 To do this it is necessary to ascend the stream known as Chalk, 

 Shawk, or Shalk Beck for less than two miles above East Curthwaite. 

 Starting from that place, we speedily enter a gorge, the sides of 

 which are composed of brick-red sandstone, capped by glacial 

 drift. This is the Permian sandstone, known to geologists as the 

 St. Bees Sandstone, as it is identical with the rock which forms the 

 promontory of St. Bees Head. The dip being northerly, we find 

 the stream cutting through lower and lower beds as we advance 

 southward. The stone is much quarried here, as it is between 



