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fault are the flaggy ones towards the base of the St. Bees Sandstone. 

 A very pretty surface contortion may be seen in this quarry. The 

 breadth, from north to south, of this faulted piece of Permian 

 ground is slightly greater than that of this field. Crossing the 

 road, and continuing to ascend the stream, Carboniferous rocks 

 may be seen here and there for more than four miles ; and, for the 

 most part, they are purple-grey or pinkish in colour. But it would 

 be almost, if not quite, impossible for the most careful observer to 

 pick out even a hand-specimen from these stained Carboniferous 

 rocks that would pass as an example of Permian stone ; the brick- 

 red tint being precisely the shade that is not to be found. 



From this district I will now turn to one about an equal distance 

 from the Border City, but in the opposite direction, and review 

 the evidence afforded by the streams flowing into the Solway from 

 the north-east, beginning with the Esk. From the Scotch Dyke 

 railway bridge northward, St. Bees Sandstone is visible for about 

 three-quarters of a mile. The church at Canobie stands on stained 

 Carboniferous rock, above which, on the opposite cHff, is an outlier 

 of what I have termed, in my paper on the Carlisle Basin, read 

 before the Geological Society last year — the Kirklinton Sandstone, 

 and consider to be of later date than that of St. Bees. But the 

 junction between the two formations is not visible. In the Liddel 

 also it is not apparent, but it must be a few yards below the Lang- 

 holm Branch railway bridge, at, and above which, are stained 

 Carboniferous beds. In Carwinley Burn the junction is about 

 one-third of a mile above the point at which the road from Long- 

 town to Penton Bridge crosses the stream. The banks at the 

 junction are low, but the bed of the stream shows brick -red flaggy 

 beds, having a breccia at their base, resting on purple-grey and 

 other rocks which are dipping at a much higher angle. This 

 marked difference of dip, combined with the presence of the breccia 

 at the base of the brick -red beds, affords ample evidence of an 

 unconformity on the same horizon as that in Shalk Beck, though 

 the additional proof given in the high banks of that stream is here 

 wanting. 



Crossing to the River Lyne at Cliff Bridge, Kirklinton, we there 



