the sense of the rapid river, would be derived appropriately from 

 the O.N., but I am not sure of the Rotha as meaning '-red river." 

 This I should hardly take to be its distinguishing characteristic ; 

 it certainly is a rapid stream, and may be from the same origin as 

 the Rhodanus, or Rhone, though in any case the ending is 

 Danish. The Calder or Calda seems to be evidently Scandinavian, 

 the original stream being called Cald beck (cold brook), and when 

 it attains to the dignity of a river, being called Calda (O.N. d 

 river). We find such names elsewhere where the Northmen have 

 been, e.g., a river Kalda in Iceland, and a brook Caudebec in 

 Normandy. It seems probable that the Calder is the same name, 

 a final r being so slurred as not to be distinguishable in English. 

 Some other names which may more probably be Celtic have had 

 the O.N. d river added as a termination. 



The word deck for drook may also be taken to be of Danish 

 origin, though etymologically there is nothing distinctively Scan- 

 dinavian in the word, which is the same as the Germ, dac/i. But 

 it is a word which distinctively marks out the Danish district in 

 England, and does not occur in the more purely Anglo-Saxon 

 district. Hence the name of Cnmimock water, derived from 

 the stream, the Crummock, which feeds it, and which is no doubt 

 a corruption of Crumbeck, crooked or winding beck, corresponding 

 with the name Krumbach, of various streams in Germany. 



Other words of Scandinavian origin are farn (O.N. ijeni), a 

 small lake, and force (O.N. fors), a waterfall. This latter word, 

 which in Norway itself has been corrupted into foss, Cleasby 

 describes as "a test-word of Scandinavian language and origin.'' 

 And he quotes from a Byzantine writer the names of several water- 

 falls in Russian and in Sclavonic, from which it appears that in 

 Russian the word for water-fall was forsi^ thus shewing that the 

 language was at that time Scandinavian. We have one name, 

 that of Airey Force on UUswater, which may perhaps contain a 

 reduplication, airey representing the Celtic, and force the Scan- 

 dinavian word signifying water-fall. It is perhaps, liowever, more 

 probable that Airey is from O.N. eyri, point or promontory, which 

 I think is in accord with the local characteristics of the place. 



