senting the lioiu or liaugh of a man — Anglo-Saxon or Dane — 

 called Frithestan. It may perhaps be worth while to inves- 

 tigate the reason why our word how changes into haugh in 

 Northumberland, particularly as the same principle assists to 

 throw light upon some of the other place-names of our district. 

 The reason is a very simple one — the ancient word was hang, 

 ending with a g. Now, a final g is displeasing to the English ear, 

 and it has got rid of it in two different ways. Most commonly 

 it drops it, as in day for dag, may for mag, lie for lig, but not 

 unfrequently it changes it into f, as for instance, in trough for 

 trog, the g often remaining, to attest its origin, in the spelling. 

 Sometimes the same word is treated in both ways, as from A,S. 

 genug we have both enough and enow. In the present case, then, 

 the difference is simply this, that we get rid of the g by dropping 

 it, and the Northumbrians by changing it into f. That, however, 

 you will say, would give them hotvf and not haugh. But any one 

 who knows the Northumbrian dialect, and the way in which it 

 narrows the vowels, pronouncing the ha in hall like the inter- 

 jection " hah," will see at once how howf is made into haugh. I 

 have observed that this same principle throws light on some other 

 of the place-names of the district. Thus there is a place called 

 Brough in Westmorland, and there is also a Burgh in Cumberland. 

 This is just the same word that is found elsewhere as " borough," 

 properly burh, and not a dissyllable, only in the one case the g is 

 dropped, and in the other it is pronounced as f. Again, we have 

 many mountains in the district called " barrow," and we have one, 

 near Bassenthwaite, called Barf. These both represent the same 

 word, the O.N. bjarg, mountain, which in the one case becomes 

 " barrow," (again not properly a dissyllable) and in the other 

 becomes "barf." 



When we come to names more nearly connected witli human 

 occupation, we find in Cumberland, the ancient "land of the 

 Cymry," but scanty traces of the original inhabitants. We may 

 include all the names formed from bleu, as Blencogo, Blencow, 

 Blencairn, and Blennerhasset ; those from caer, as Carlisle, Cargo, 



