11 



still many names, as Everard, Everett, etc. And Hensingham 

 would, I take it, be properly Ansingham, from a/is, common in 

 ancient names, and signifying semi-deus. 



Of the characteristic A.S. weorih, a property or farm, there 

 is, as far as I know, only one single instance, that of Crosby- 

 Ravensworth, in Westmorland, and that is extremely uncertain, 

 the name being formerly often found as Ravenswath ; Naworth 

 in Cumberland I should also suppose to be properly Nawa///, 

 from 7vath, a ford, as indicating perhaps a ford over the river 

 Irthing. The A.S. grove and hurst are almost entirely super- 

 seded in our district by the Danish shaw and with. The latter 

 is the same word in a Scandinavian form as the A.S. wood: 

 hence Skirvvith near Penrith is simply the equivalent of Sher- 

 wood in southern England. There is another Scandinavian word 

 for a grove, lund, but this seems to have been more especially 

 applied to a sacred grove, and this may probably be the sense in 

 Hof Lund, near Appleby, /;(?/" being a temple. A distinction was 

 made in O.N. between hof, a temple with a roof, and horgr, an 

 altar, circle ; or any roofless place of worship. This latter word, 

 horgr, is found in the ending argh of some places in Yorkshire as 

 Grimsargh, the temple of Grim or Odin, and may be the same 

 word as "ark," found in some places in the Lake district, as Pavey 

 Ark. The word Pavey I cannot explain, unless possibly it may 

 be ixompauji, a lurking fiend — if this were one of the places of 

 worship of the older Celtic inhabitants, the Northmen may have 

 had some superstitious idea respecting it. 



When we come to the names referring to the abodes of men we 

 find the Scandinavian by, thorp, thwaite, garth, toft, predominate 

 over the ton and the ham which are more exclusively characteristic 

 of the Saxon occupation. Of these terms all but thorp would be 

 applicable to a single dwelling, the root oiby signifying "habitation,"' 

 garth and toft signifying "inclosure," and thivaite, at least so I 

 think, "clearing" in a forest. But the root of thorp,.yi\\\c}a. is the 

 same as the Germ, dorf, contains something of the sense of crowding 

 or huddling together, and Cleasby thinks that it was originally 

 applied to the houses of the peasantry crowded together in a 



