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avian, and is pronounced by Professor Worsaae to be a Gaelic or 

 Irish name borrowed by the Northmen. The fact then of such 

 names being found also in our district goes some little way to 

 support the theory which I advanced some years ago, that in 

 addition to the more purely Danish settlers who landed on the 

 coast of Yorkshire and gradually worked their way up north to 

 Cumberland and Westmorland, there was also an immigration 

 more purely Norwegian from Ireland by way of the Isle of Man, 

 if indeed this was not, as Mr. Bradley suggests, the earlier invasion 

 of the two. 



Of the Normans who last appeared upon the scene — Northmen 

 again, though mixed with a Gallic element — we find some trace in 

 such names as Roberby for Robertby, Richardby, Maughanby, and 

 probably Aglionby, though Aglin, like Robert and Richard, though 

 a name coming through the Normans, is Teutonic, i.e. Prankish, 

 in its origin. There is also to be found, as it seems to me, to be 

 found in the name of Christenbury Crags. No derivation of 

 Christenbury that I have seen is grammatically possible ; but if we 

 suppose a proper name Christenburg, burg in English becoming 

 bury, all difficulty disappears. Christenburg is one of those curious 

 hybrid names given by the early Frankish converts to Christianity, 

 formed as supposed from the name of Christ with a German ending 

 appended. Along with others of such names, it seems to have 

 remained in French use, and to have come over to us with the 

 Normans. 



I think then that I have succeeded to some extent in shewing 

 that the place-names of these two counties reveal to us some things 

 on which history is silent, and shew us in particular that at an 

 unknown, though no doubt early period, this district was in the 

 possession of a Scandinavian people, who have left behind them 

 marks which we cannot doubt. It was principally, in the first 

 instance, upon the evidence of its place-names that this theory was 

 based, but since then inscription after inscription has turned up 

 written in Scandinavian runes, to add their testimony to the fact 

 that there was a time when the language that was spoken in this 

 district was Scandinavian. And bye and bye, when the scientific 



