The upper beds are mainly whitish or light gray. The lower beds 

 may be well seen at Cliff Bridge, Kirklinton, the upper at Skew- 

 bank, Grinsdale. 



Above the Kirklinton Sandstone, and resting partly on its lower 

 red beds and partly on its upper white ones, is a formation known 

 as the Stanwix Marls,* which form the base of the cliff called 

 Etterby Scar. These Stanwix Marls and Shales are usually red or 

 greenish-grey in colour, and they occupy (below the Drift) a 

 compact area between the rivers Lyne and Eden, from Beaumont 

 to Westlinton on the one hand, and Cliff Bridge, Kirklinton, to 

 Stanwix on the other. They probably attain their greatest thickness 

 about Harker. But their thickness, though probably inconsiderable, 

 is unknown. Their extension, south of the Eden, appears to be 

 very slight. 



The patch of Lias south of the Eden consists of alternations of 

 shale and limestone, which, near Great Orton, attain a thickness 

 of two hundred and ten feet. It extends from Bellevue on the 

 east to Aikton on the west, from Kirkbampton on the north to 

 Wiggonby on the south. 



We have thus in the Carlisle Basin the highly permeable 

 formation the St. Bees Sandstone at the bottom. It rests, in its 

 turn, unconformably, on rocks of Carboniferous age, themselves 

 partly permeable and partly impermeable. But as the St. Bees 

 Sandstone tends to become somewhat shaly towards its base, it is 

 not probable that any great quantity of the water in it sinks 

 through to the Carboniferous rocks below. Above the St. Bees 

 Sandstone lie the Gypseous Shales, in the south-western half of 

 the Carlisle Basin, at least. The Gypseous Shales must be, as a 

 mass, impermeable. Thirdly, we have the Kirklinton Sandstone. 

 This rock probably rests on the Gypseous Shales for a short 

 distance in the centre of the Basin, and certainly on the St. Bees 

 Sandstone in the north-east. It is, of course, highly permeable. 

 On the Kirklinton Sandstone lie the Stanwix Marls and Shales 

 which belong to the impermeable division. And, resting in all 



*See the article on "The Penrith Sandstone," by Mr, Goodchild, in the 

 Carlisle Journal, the Patriot, &c., August, l88o. 



