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proper, or Junci, are more numerous. The clayey summit levels 

 of Broadfield, Hewerhill, and Warnel, are over-run with beds of 

 J. glaucus, Hard-Rush ; while J. effusiis, Soft-Rush, the delight of 

 juvenile "sievy-cap" makers; y! aciitiflorus, Sharp-Flowered Jointed- 

 Rush, Closs of our dalesmen ; and J. sqtcarrosus, Moss Rush, 

 Goose Corn, are all of them plentiful, the last mentioned being 

 found only on the wettest and most exposed moorlands. At least 

 six other species are natives of the Valley ; of these, J. bufonius, 

 Toad-Rush, is possibly the best known, being found by moist 

 ditch banks all along the Valley. 



The family Cyperace^, which includes Club Rushes, Sedges, 

 and Cotton-Grasses, is a somewhat extensive one. One of its 

 ablest exponents at the beginning of the present century, was the 

 late Dr. Goodenough, bishop of Carlisle, whom I can just remember 

 seeing at Rose Castle. The following list includes most of the 

 species that I have been enabled to identify. Most of them 

 belong to the fell district. Scirpus palustris. Creeping Spike-Rush, 

 in boggy ditches ; S. multicaulis, Many-Stalked Spike-Rush, turfy 

 ground and wet commons, slenderer than the preceding plant; 

 S. ccespitosus, Scaly-Stalked Club-Rush, turty heaths almost to the 

 very top of Carrock ; S. fluitans, Floating Club Rush, in pools on 

 Mosedale Moss, rather unusual ; S. setaceus, Bristle-Stalked Club- 

 Rush, found sometimes plentifully by the edges of gravelly-bottomed 

 mountain rills; S. sylvaticus, Wood Club-Rush, in upland meadows, 

 and by the edges of slow-running streams : the flowering stems are 

 frequently half a yard high, and as thick as a lady's ring-finger. Of 

 the Cotton-Grasses, EriopJwrii?n vaginaium. Hare's Tail Cotton- 

 Grass, and E. polystachion ox angustifolium. Common Cotton-Grass, 

 are not unfrequent on moors. Of the Carices, or Sedges proper, 

 about twenty species may be claimed as natives of the Caldew 

 Valley. C dioica, Creeping Separate-Headed Sedge, having the 

 male flowers on one stem and the female florets on another, is 

 found sparingly in deep spongy bogs. C. pulicaris, Flea Sedge, 

 abounds in bogs, and derives its name from its peculiarly shaped 

 dark brown smooth and shining fruit. C. tereiiuscida, Lesser 

 Panicled Sedge, a somewhat rare plant, occurs in boggy meadows : 



