36 



respect differ in the slightest degree from the type we observe here 

 at Nunnery Walks. We should expect to find traces of shore 

 deposits if the line of the present fells had coincided with the old 

 shore ; but even where we generally do get beds of coarse material 

 in the Penrith Sandstone, as we do elsewhere, near the base, the 

 sections along the Escarpment show, if anything, material even 

 finer than usual. Then again, there is evidence of the clearest 

 kind to prove that a very consderable upheaval of that upland 

 tract has taken place long after the New Red was accumulated, 

 and in this case there seems no reason why there should have been 

 any bank there at all until long subsequent to the formation of the 

 Red Rocks, when a repetition of the rupturing of the strata over the 

 lines of weakness formed by the Pennine Faults dislocated these 

 strata, and brought them into vertical contact with other strata of 

 quite a different nature. I cannot now enter into detail, which I 

 must reserve for a future occasion ; but I can assure you that I 

 consider there is good evidence for believing that what is now the 

 plane of the fell tops along the Escarpment was once part of the 

 nearly-level surface that the Penrith Sandstone was deposited upon. 

 In other words, I consider that the Penrith Sandstone once covered 

 great part of what is now the extensive upland tract intervening 

 between the undulating lowlands of Edenside and the outcrop of 

 the Magnesian Limestone in the North Eastern parts of England. 

 What was originally a level surface, has been dislocated by the 

 great faults, so that one part of it has been thrown up relatively to 

 the other, four or five thousand feet, and that then the wasting 

 influence of denudation has removed all the Red Rocks and again 

 exposed the Carboniferous Rocks to the day, just as has happened 

 elsewhere in Edenside. I must ask you to dismiss from your 

 minds the very existence of the hills and valleys before us, and to 

 imagine in their place a great plain extending hence far away in 

 the direction of the North Sea. The hills now occurring in that 

 direction were not hills until long after the period we are now 

 considering, and the valleys date back, comparatively speaking, 

 but from yesterday. 



In the neighbourhood of Appleby there is some kind of evidence 



