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then first employed by him as a portion of his forces. But this is 

 not the first time he mentions ships ; he names them in the first 

 campaign, but merely to offer an excuse for their omission. Again, 

 during the fifth campaign we find, "nave prima transgressus," a 

 statement that certainly admits of several interpretations. How- 

 ever, following, amongst others, the views of Mr. W. T. Watkin, it 

 would seem that we are to understand that Agricola crossed the 

 estuary of^the Clota (Clyde) "in the first Roman ship that had 

 been seen in these waters." Probably he so advanced, the army 

 following by land. Nor is it at all likely that any great number of 

 vessels appeared in the Clyde during the fifth campaign, for we 

 meet with the following statement during the recital of the oper- 

 ations of the sixth campaign : — " Britannos quoque, ut ex captivis 

 audiebatur, visa classis obstupefaciebat ;" i.e., that the Britons 

 were astounded at the sight of the fleet. Doubtless they saw that 

 now their chances of safety were greatly lessened, when they could 

 be attacked on land or sea alike. It is quite clear that the terror 

 of Agricola's power preceded him ; but we are not told till this 

 campaign that any part of such fear was occasioned by the use of 

 ships. Clearly then no large fleet could have been gathered 

 together in the Clyde during the fifth campaign, or the terror 

 occasioned by its presence during the sixth campaign would have 

 been shown during the fifth campaign, the distance between the 

 Clota (Clyde) and Bodotria (Forth) being so very short. 



It being thus clear that ships are regularly named in the 

 account of the first, fifth, sixth, and seventh campaigns — and 

 particularly fully in the sixth — it would appear strange that there 

 is no mention of them in the second, supposing them to have been 

 used. Such omission seems to prove that they were not used in 

 the second campaign, and the more as he excuses their omission 

 in the first campaign. 



Nor does there seem any likelihood that Agricola would calculate 

 upon the necessity for ships. Granted that when he went " in 

 quest of the enemy," he was going amongst the Sestuntii, he would 

 doubtless make use of the information gained regarding this tribe 

 during his campaigns amongst the Brigantes under Cerealis. Such 



