171 



obstacle to the driving of the piles. The boulders had a rounded 

 contour; and they averaged half a ton in weight. On one or two, 

 indistinct scratchings were seen. They were found in the lower 

 levels, while smaller blocks, which included, amongst other far- 

 travelled stones, some from Ennerdale, were found in the higher 

 parts of the deposit. At the N.W. corner, the clay, which there 

 seemed to be rapidly thinning out, was found to overlie two feet 

 of soft sand, and (so far as examined) two feet of marl. While at 

 a spot about half way along the west side, three feet of black 

 laminated clay, nine inches of a very hard red sandy clay with 

 shingles, and lastly, sand and gravel underlay the clay. 



The greatest depth explored was forty-five feet, and at this 

 horizon the rock met with consisted of sand and gravel. 



2Jid. Organic Remains. — The shell-beach has been already 

 noticed. The first mammalian relic that was found, was an 

 antler of the Red-deer ( Cervus elaphus). It possessed five tines, 

 measured twenty-six inches in length, and was fairly well preserved. 

 It, like the other mammalian relics, was met with at the east side 

 of the dock, about fifty yards from the east wall, and the same 

 distance from that on the south. The antler was found in gravel, 

 about seventeen feet from the surface. About the same place, 

 and about a foot deeper, the first trace of the Bos primigenius — 

 the extinct gigantic Ox of Great Britain — was dug up. This fossil 

 was a humerus or upper bone of the fore-leg. It weighed five 

 pounds twelve ounces, was eighteen inches long, and was almost 

 perfect, only a part of the articular surface of the head being 

 decayed and filled with sand. The proportions of this bone 

 were very massive, and they indicated, in a striking manner, the 

 colossal size of the huge animal it had assisted in supporting. 

 Some yards distant, another antler of the Red-deer was found. 

 It was a much finer specimen than the first, the tines being seven 

 in number, and quite perfect. 



Several months elapsed before anything further was discovered ; 

 but when a depth of about twenty-eight feet was reached, several 

 finds were made in close succession. The first of these was one 

 of the caudal vertebra of a species of Balanoptera or Fin-whale. 



