14 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
herd is feeding; and Smeathman and four of his companions mounted 
on the top of one of them to obtain a view of any vessel which might 
come in sight. The nests of T. atrox and mordax are cylindrical 
pillars, three quarters of a yard high, with a projecting roof; whilst 
T. destructor Fabr. (T. arborum Smeathm.) constructs its nests of 
different sizes, amongst the branches of trees, seventy or eighty feet 
high. T. viarum appears, from the observations of Smeathman, to re- 
side in holes in the ground, ‘T. lucifugus makes its lodgements in 
the trunks of pines and oaks, in which they form a number of irregular 
burrows. Dr. Burmeister showed me a colony of T. flavipes at Berlin, 
which he kept in a flat earthenware jar filled with rotten debris, and 
covered with damp pieces of wood, in which the insects burrowed. 
The societies of these insects consist, according to Latreille (who in- 
vestigated the economy of T. lucifugus, which he discovered at Bor- 
deaux), of five kinds of individuals, namely: 1. Males, and, 2. Fe- 
males, closely resembling each other externally, and agreeing with the 
characters given above ; 3. Individuals, described by Smeathman and 
Fabricius as pupa, but called neuters by Latreille and Kirby, and 
soldiers by Smeathman (/ig. 58.14. T. flavipes), having a soft, elon- 
gate, oval body, destitute of wings, and a head of gigantic size, armed 
with long and powerful sickle-shaped jaws, in which the under, as well 
as the upper, side of the head is horny, with the maxilla and labrum 
very minute, and the palpi long and slender. My fig. 58. 15. repre- 
sents the under side of the head of T. flavipes in which the upper 
lip is long and entire; but in another species, from Fernando Po, in 
my collection, it is very deeply notched ( fig. 58.16.); the eyes appear 
entirely wanting ; the parts of the mouth of these members have not 
been previously described. These individuals are much less nume- 
rous than the workers, being in the proportion of 1 to 100. They 
are employed as sentinels and soldiers, making their appearance when 
the nest is invaded, attacking the intruders, and inciting the labourers 
to work. 4. Apterous individuals, called larvae by Latreille, Kirby, 
&c., and workers by Smeathman, very much resembling the winged 
individuals, but with the head larger and rounded ; the eyes and ocelli 
wanting ; the mandibles not larger than in the winged individuals ; 
the thorax, with the three segments, distinct and wingless (fig. 58. 12. 
T. flavipes); these are considerably smaller than the so-called neuters, 
and are the most numerous and most active portion of the community ; 
they are the workers and architects of the nest; they collect food, 
