54 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
of the mouth, but remarkably differing in the apterous condition of 
the female, and the style-like form of the wings of the male. The 
abdomen of the female is terminated by a 3-jointed ovipositor, the 
under side of which is defended by a produced valve-like bilobed plate, 
arising from the under side of the seventh segment ( j/ig.65. 22.), 
The male (frontispiece, vol. i. fig. 3.), has the abdomen ( fig. 65. 20.) 
terminated by two short, recurved, attenuated, pilose styles (fig. 65. 
21.). The antenne are 23-jointed. This genus differs from all the 
others in the family by the large size of the prothorax, and the want 
of ocelli. The period for the appearance of these insects in the per- 
fect state is in the middle of winter. Dalman observes that those 
found in autumn in moss are pale-coloured and immature, and that 
the dark-coloured mature ones are to be found on the surface of snow. 
Stephens states that it has been found in England under moss and 
stones, at the same period. 
The exotic genus Bittacus Zaér., in the structure of its mouth and 
thorax, and possession of ocelli, is closely allied to Panorpa; but its 
general appearance is that of a large Tipula, resulting from the great 
length of the legs and wings, which are carried horizontally in repose. 
The abdomen is alike in both sexes, and the tarsi are terminated by* 
a single unguis. Dr. Klug describes eleven species of this curious 
and widely distributed genus. 
The genus Merope Newm. (Ent. Mag., No. 22.), from North Ame- 
rica, is certainly referrible to this family ; agreeing with Panorpa in 
the essential structure of the mouth ; but the ocelli are wanting; the 
eyes reniform ; the antenne thickened in the middle ; and the protho- 
rax enlarged. The specimen described by Mr. Newman is a female, 
and has the abdomen terminated as in the female Panorpa; the in- 
ternal base of the fore wings is furnished with a small incrassated lobe. 
Nemoptera Zatr. comprises some of the most singularly formed 
species in the order, peculiar to Africa and Western Asia, Portugal, 
&c., having the wings extended when at rest, the posterior pair being 
several times longer than the entire body, and linear ; the ocelli are 
wanting; and the structure of the mouth (represented in detail in the 
great work on Egypt) is very different from that of Panorpa, approach- 
ing much nearer in the articulation of the maxilla and developed 
ligula, to the Hemerobiide ; indeed, Dr. Klug has removed it from 
this family in his monograph. Olivier, who observed them in the 
Levant, states that their flight is slow and heavy, so that they are 
