HYMENOPTERA. 81 
the great divisions Mandibulata and Haustellata, but that they really 
lap their food, and might thence be termed lappers, their mandibles 
being employed in their economy. Dumeril however, (Considérat. 
Général. p. 9.), gives them “la double faculté” of masticating and 
sucking the food, considering the lower organs of the mouth as form- 
ing “ une sorte de tube et de langue.” Hence Lamarck makes the 
Hymenoptera the connecting order between the Mandibulata and Haus- 
tellata. Latreille, attaching greater importance to the organs of flight 
than to the mouth, has placed the Hymenoptera between the Neu- 
roptera and Lepidoptera, regarding Phryganea and Termes as forming 
the passage between the two former orders and the long-tongued bees 
as approaching the Lepidoptera. ( Considérat. Général., p. 73. 76.), 
Another circumstance, confirming the relationship with the last-named 
order, occurs in the resemblance between the larve of the Saw-flies 
and the caterpillars of the Lepidoptera. 
Mr. MacLeay, on the other hand, places the Hymenoptera between 
the Coleoptera (with which they are supposed to be connected by the 
osculant order Strepsiptera), and the Trichoptera, the Tenthredinidz 
being considered as ‘Trichopterous, and the Ureceride as forming an 
osculant order, Bomboptera, between the Trichoptera and Hymen- 
optera, which last order is thus reduced to the species possessing 
apodal larve ; thus, by means of the connection between the Ants 
_ (Formicide ),and White Ants (Termitidz ); and the Caddice-flies (Phry- 
ganeidz ), and Saw-flies (Tenthredinid), a strong relation is shown 
to exist between the Linnean orders Hymenoptera and Neuroptera. 
It seems to be admitted on all hands that the insects, which are the 
real analogues of the present order, exist in the Dipterous order, almost 
every Hymenopterous group having its representative in the latter. 
Mr. MacLeay has aiso noticed the apodal structure of the larvee as 
analogous in both orders, adding also the incomplete or coarctate 
nature of the metamorphosis: no Hymenopterous insect, however, 
undergoes the latter kind of transformation. 
The order was established by Linnzus under the name of Gymnop- 
tera (naked wings), in the 4th edition of the Systema Nature (1744) ; 
it had previously, by the old naturalists, been united with the Neurop- 
tera. In this edition, as well as in the Ist edition of his Fauna 
Suecica (in which work the name of the order was changed to Hy- 
menoptera), it was composed of only four genera, Tenthredo, Ichneu- 
mon, Apis, and Formica; but in the subsequent writings of the il- 
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